{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:31:19Z","timestamp":1791909079285,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aggressive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Researchers of aggression have classically focused on what has been previously called active aggression\u2014the deliberate infliction of harm through the direct application of deleterious consequences. However, the counterpart to this, what was originally called passive aggression, has gone understudied, and its definition has mutated beyond its original conceptualization. The present two studies (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>'s 196 and 220, respectively) attempted to examine passive aggression as originally defined\u2014the deliberate withholding of behavior to ensure that a target is harmed\u2014and renaming it aggression by omission (ABO), in contrast to aggression by commission (ABC). These studies found that both fit within a similar nomological network of antagonism, Sadism, and trait aggression. Study 2 additionally found that both were equally affected by provocation and were considered equally harmful. These findings encourage further research into ABO to capture this construct concretely, especially in the context of common paradigms (e.g., the Taylor Aggression Paradigm, Hot Sauce, Point\u2010Subtraction Aggression Paradigm), and trait aggression scales, which typically measure ABC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.22123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T19:08:40Z","timestamp":1699988920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Aggression by omission: Redefining and measuring an understudied construct"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7845-3523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drew M.","family":"Parton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-7138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Chester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1980).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(3rd ed.).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890420188.dsm-iii-r","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890420188.dsm-iii-r"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1994).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed.).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890420249.dsm-iv-tr","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890420249.dsm-iv-tr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(5th ed.).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.10042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211423671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.4.569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Baron R. A. &Richardson D. R.(1994).Human aggression.Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/fb8zn"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.4.885"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0132-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Comprehensive assessment of sadistic tendencies (CAST) (Unpublished instrument)","author":"Buckles E. E.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11160-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.3.452"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167218816327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2020.104042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015914"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2022.104304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Personality psychology in Europe","author":"Goldberg L. R.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","volume-title":"What is passive\u2010aggressive behavior? What are some of the signs?","author":"Hall\u2010Flavin D. K.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2020.103977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"JASP Team(2023).JASP (Version 0.17.3)[Computer software]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Handbook of Personality: Theory and research","author":"John O. P.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2752"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1381968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/GENP.135.2.151-166"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2006.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","unstructured":"Psychology Today(n.d.).Passive\u2010aggression.https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/basics\/passive-aggression"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","unstructured":"R Core Team(2021).R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Defining direct and indirect aggression: The Richardson Conflict Response Questionnaire","volume":"16","author":"Richardson D. S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Review of Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Is it aggression? Perceptions of and motivations for passive and psychological aggression","volume":"13","author":"Richardson D. S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Psychology of Social Conflict and Aggression"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2012.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","volume-title":"Manual for the State\u2010Trait Anger Expression Inventory\u20102","author":"Spielberger C. D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(91)90011-T"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","article-title":"We all seek revenge: The role of honesty\u2010humility in reactions to incivility","volume":"17","author":"Thompson M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191108318250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12695"}],"container-title":["Aggressive Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ab.22123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T11:38:12Z","timestamp":1708342692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ab.22123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ab.22123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.22123","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0096-140X","1098-2337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0096-140X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e22123"}}