{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:20:07Z","timestamp":1790212807539,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102015M2A2A6A02045252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102015M2A2A6A02045252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102015M2A2A6A02045253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102015M2A2A6A02045253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the dosimetric impact and treatment delivery efficacy of phase\u2010gated volumetric modulated arc therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VMAT<\/jats:styled-content>) vs amplitude\u2010gated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VMAT<\/jats:styled-content> for stereotactic body radiation therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBRT<\/jats:styled-content>) for lung cancer by using realistic three\u2010dimensional\u2010printed phantoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four patient\u2010specific moving lung phantoms that closely simulate the heterogeneity of lung tissue and breathing patterns were fabricated with four planning computed tomography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>) images for lung <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBRT<\/jats:styled-content> cases. The phantoms were designed to be bisected for the measurement of two\u2010dimensional dose distributions by using EBT3 dosimetry film. The dosimetric accuracy of treatment under respiratory motion was analyzed with the gamma index (2%\/1\u00a0mm) between the plan dose and film dose measured under phase\u2010 and amplitude\u2010gated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VMAT<\/jats:styled-content>. For the validation of the direct usage of the real\u2010time position management (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPM<\/jats:styled-content>) data for respiratory motion, the relationship between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPM<\/jats:styled-content> signal and the diaphragm position was measured by four\u2010dimensional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>. By using data recorded during the beam delivery of both phase\u2010 and amplitude\u2010gated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VMAT<\/jats:styled-content>, the total time intervals were compared for each treatment mode.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Film dosimetry showed a 5.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.2% difference of gamma passing rate (2%\/1\u00a0mm) on average between the phase\u2010 vs amplitude\u2010gated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VMAT<\/jats:styled-content> [77.7% (72.7%\u201385.9%) for the phase mode and 82.9% (81.4%\u201386.2%) for the amplitude mode]. For delivery efficiency, frequent interruptions were observed during the phase\u2010gated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VMAT<\/jats:styled-content>, which stopped the beam delivery and required a certain amount of time before resuming the beam. This abnormality in phase\u2010gated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VMAT<\/jats:styled-content> caused a prolonged treatment delivery time of 366\u00a0s compared with 183\u00a0s for amplitude\u2010gated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VMAT<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considering the dosimetric accuracy and delivery efficacy between the gating methods, amplitude mode is superior to phase mode for gated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VMAT<\/jats:styled-content> treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T00:40:06Z","timestamp":1548290406000},"page":"107-113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Comparing phase\u2010 and amplitude\u2010gated volumetric modulated arc therapy for stereotactic body 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