{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T11:14:23Z","timestamp":1694171663292},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>As C\u2010arm linac radiation therapy evolves toward faster, more efficient delivery, and more conformal dosimetry, treatments with increasingly complex couch motions are emerging. Monitoring the patient motion independently of the couch motion during non\u2010coplanar, non\u2010isocentric, or dynamic couch treatments is a key bottleneck to their clinical implementation. The goal of this study is to develop a prototype real\u2010time monitoring system for unconventional beam trajectories to ensure a safe and accurate treatment delivery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An in\u2010house algorithm was developed for tracking using a couch\u2010mounted three\u2010dimensional (3D) depth camera. The accuracy of patient motion detection on the couch was tested on a 3D printed phantom created from the body surface contour exported from the treatment planning system. The technique was evaluated against a commercial optical surface monitoring system with known phantom displacements of 3, 5, and 7\u00a0mm in lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions by placing a head phantom on a dynamic platform on the treatment couch. The stability of the monitoring system was evaluated during dynamic couch trajectories, at speeds between 10.6 and 65\u00a0cm\/min.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed monitoring system agreed with the ceiling mounted optical surface monitoring system in longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions within 0.5\u00a0mm. The uncertainty caused by couch vibration increased with couch speed but remained sub\u2010millimeter for speeds up to 32\u00a0cm\/min. For couch speeds of 10.6, 32.2, and 65\u00a0cm\/min, the uncertainty ranges were 0.27\u2013 0.73\u00a0mm, 0.15\u20130.87\u00a0mm, and 0.28\u20131.29\u00a0mm, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>By mounting a 3D camera in the same frame\u2010of\u2010reference as the patient and eliminating dead spots, this proof of concept demonstrates real\u2010time patient monitoring during couch motion. For treatments with non\u2010coplanar beams, multiple isocenters, or dynamic couch motion, this provides additional safety without additional radiation dose and avoids some of the complexity and limitations of room mounted systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T14:09:16Z","timestamp":1582898956000},"page":"162-166","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Patient motion tracking for non\u2010isocentric and non\u2010coplanar treatments via fixed frame\u2010of\u2010reference 3D camera"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sergey","family":"Gasparyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford university Palo Alto CA 94304 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