{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:28:47Z","timestamp":1768994927580,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Radiation effective dose to the red bone\u2010marrow, a critical organ in the therapy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) with radioiodine\u2010131 (<jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>I), cannot be measured directly. As radioiodine concentration is comparable in blood and most organs, and is believed to be similar in red marrow, the effective dose to the blood seems to be a good first\u2010order approximation of the radiation effective dose to the hematopoietic system and a better means to quantifying exposure from therapy compared to the total amount of activity administered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>We applied four formulas (Lassmann et al (standard) [2008], <jats:italic>Eur J Nucl Med Molecul Imaging<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>35<\/jats:bold>:1405\u20131412), (Thomas et al. [1993], <jats:italic>Nucl Med Biol<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>20<\/jats:bold>:157\u2013162), (Sisson et al. [2003], <jats:italic>J Nucl Med<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>44<\/jats:bold>:898\u2013903; Ha\u00a8nscheid et al. [2009], <jats:italic>Endocr Relat Cancer<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>16<\/jats:bold>:1283\u20131289) and (Ha\u00a8nscheid et al. [2006], <jats:italic>J Nucl Med<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>47<\/jats:bold>:648\u2013654) and compared between the estimated values of the effective dose that were obtained by three formulas and those obtained by the standard one.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010seven patients, 22 women and 5 men, suffering from DTC were enrolled in this study. Whole\u2010body probe measurements and blood collections (2\u00a0mL whole\u2010blood samples) were conducted at 2, 6, 24, 48, 72<jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>96\u00a0h after the administration of <jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>I to obtain time<jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>activity curves. Whole\u2010body measurements were performed as conjugate view (anterior and posterior) counts by scintillation camera imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>By comparing the values of blood effective dose that were obtained by applying Thomas et al. [1993], <jats:italic>Nucl Med Biol<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>20<\/jats:bold>:157\u2013162; Sisson et al. [2003], <jats:italic>J Nucl Med<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>44<\/jats:bold>:898\u2013903 and Ha\u00a8nscheid et al. [2009], <jats:italic>Endocr Relat Cancer<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>16<\/jats:bold>:1283\u20131289, and Ha\u00a8nscheid et al. [2006], <jats:italic>J Nucl Med<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>47<\/jats:bold>:648\u2013654, techniques, with those obtained by (Lassmann et al (standard technique) [2008], <jats:italic>Eur J Nucl Med Molecul Imaging<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>35<\/jats:bold>:1405\u20131412), we found that these values are, respectively, 15.0%, 40.0%, and 41.0% more than those obtained by using the standard method. To our knowledge no papers have been published previously that compare between these dosimetric approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Highly overestimated or highly underestimated results obtained by a certain method or technique, compared with those obtained by the standard method, are not desirable, they tend to exaggerate in applying radiation protection procedures, by increasing or decreasing, which, in both cases, become far from the realistic or recommended procedures. As an operating philosophy, the objective of radiation safety practices simply should not be to keep radiation doses within legal limits or maximum permissible doses (MPD<jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>), but to keep them \u201cas low as reasonably achievable\u201d (ALARA concept). MPD<jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub> should not be considered as thresholds below which exposure to radiation is of no concern, they are not assumed to be totally risk free, and any reasonable technique for reducing radiation dose may have potential benefits in the long run.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T10:22:45Z","timestamp":1592907765000},"page":"173-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An indirect high iodine (<sup>131<\/sup>I) effective dose used for thyroid ablation in patients with thyroid cancer. Is the method of measurement important?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Issa A.","family":"Al\u2010Shakhrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department University of Jordan Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Relation of radioiodine dosimetry to results and complications in treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer","volume":"87","author":"Benua RS","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1317","article-title":"A method and rationale for treating metastatic thyroid carcinoma with the largest safe dose of I\u2010131","volume":"2","author":"Benua RS","year":"1986","journal-title":"Front Thyroidol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"648","article-title":"Iodine biokinetics and dosimetry in radioiodine therapy of thyroid cancer: procedures and results of a prospective international controlled study of ablation after rhTSH or hormone withdrawal","volume":"47","author":"H\u00e4nscheid H","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30317-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"Dosimetry\u2010 guided radioactive iodine treatment in patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer: largest safe dose using a risk\u2010adapted approach","volume":"44","author":"Dorn R","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-008-0761-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1230-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8051(93)90108-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"898","article-title":"Increasing efficacy and safety of treatments of patients with well\u2010differentiated thyroid carcinoma by measuring body retentions of 131I","volume":"44","author":"Sisson JC","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-09-0076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V33.5.649.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"830","article-title":"Absorbed dose calculations to blood and blood vessels for internally deposited radionuclides","volume":"32","author":"Akabani G","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"\u2018\u2018S\u2019\u2019 Absorbed Dose per Unit Cumulated Activity for Selected Radionuclides and Organs","author":"Snyder WS","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1023","article-title":"OLINDA\/EXM: the second\u2010generation personal computer software for internal dose assessment in nuclear medicine","volume":"46","author":"Stabin MG","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"1287","article-title":"An analysis of \u201cablation of thyroid remnants\u201d with I 131 in 511 patients from 1947\u20131984: experience at University of Michigan","volume":"25","author":"Beierwaltes WH","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(88)90381-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research.U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulatory guide8.39 release of patients administered radioactive materials. 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