{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T11:00:24Z","timestamp":1761562824647},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of Kami Guibi\u2010tang (KGT) in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on brain metabolites, neurotransmitter, and cerebral blood flow (CBF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We randomly allocated a total of 30 MCI patients to a KGT (N\u00a0=\u00a016) or a placebo (N\u00a0=\u00a014) group and performed MRI scans before and after 24\u00a0weeks of treatment. The participants underwent brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI scans to obtain brain metabolites using Point\u2010RESolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) single\u2010voxel spectroscopy, gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter using Mescher\u2013Garwood PRESS, and CBF using pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling sequences using a 3.0 Tesla MRI system. We analyzed metabolite and neurotransmitter levels and CBF using repeated\u2010measure analysis of variance to evaluate between\u2010subject group effect, within\u2010subject treatment condition effect, and interaction of group by condition (group x condition).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The GABA+\/creatine (Cr) ratio values were not significantly different between the before and after treatment conditions. The glutamate complex\/Cr ratio difference before and after treatment was lower in the KGT group than in the placebo group, but was not statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.077). The result of region of interest\u2013based CBF measurement showed that CBF values were significantly lower after treatment at Cluster 2 for the KGT group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003) and the placebo group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011), at hippocampus for the KGT group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004) and the placebo group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.008), and at the fusiform gyrus for the KGT group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002). Furthermore, the absolute CBF difference before and after treatment in the fusiform gyrus was significantly lower in the KGT group than in the placebo group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.024).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although a KGT treatment of 24\u00a0weeks showed some significant impact on the level of CBF, the Korean version of the mini\u2010mental state examination score was not significantly different between before and after treatment conditions, indicating that there was no memory function improvement after treatment in amnestic MCI patients. Therefore, further studies should be performed with a relatively larger population and extending the duration of the KGT treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T20:37:47Z","timestamp":1634243867000},"page":"151-164","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Treatment evaluation of Kami Guibi\u2010tang on participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment using magnetic resonance imaging on brain metabolites, gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid, and cerebral blood flow"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Seung\u2010Yeon","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke and Neurological Disorders Center, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharonkyuhee","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Undergraduate School, College of Electronics and Information Kyung Hee University  Yongin\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee\u2010Yeon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ha\u2010Ri","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong\u2010Hwa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soonchan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang\u2010Woo","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung\u2010Mi","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke and Neurological Disorders Center, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A.E.","family":"Edden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geon\u2010Ho","family":"Jahng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment. 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