{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:30:03Z","timestamp":1790796603881,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate a feasibility of normal distribution transform (NDT) algorithm compared with the iterative closest point (ICP) method as a useful surface registration in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)\/stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Point cloud images using the 3D triangulation technology were obtained from a depth camera\u2010based optical imaging (OSI) system equipped in a radiosurgery room. Two surface registration algorithms, NDT and ICP, were used to measure and compare the discrepancy values between the reference and the current surfaces during the positioning of the patient. The performance evaluation was investigated by calculating the registration error and root\u2010mean\u2010square (RMS) values for the surface model, reposition, and target accuracy, which were analyzed statistically using a paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For surface model accuracy, the average of the registration error and RMS values were measured as 3.56 \u00b1 2.20\u00a0mm and 6.98 \u00b1 1.89\u00a0mm for ICP method, and 1.76 \u00b1 1.32\u00a0mm and 3.58 \u00b1 1.30\u00a0mm for NDT method (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). For reposition accuracy, the average registration error and RMS values were calculated as 1.41 \u00b1 0.98\u00a0mm and 2.53 \u00b1 1.64\u00a0mm using ICP method, and 0.92 \u00b1 0.61\u00a0mm and 1.75 \u00b1 0.80\u00a0mm using NDT method (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.005). The overall target accuracy using the NDT method reduced the average of the reposition error and overall RMS value by 0.71 and 1.32\u00a0mm, respectively, compared to the ICP method (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that the surface registration algorithm based on NDT method provides more reliable accuracy in the values of surface model, reposition, and target accuracies than the classic ICP method. The NDT method in OSI systems offers reasonable accuracy in SBRT\/SRS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T13:26:23Z","timestamp":1641389183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Accuracy evaluation of surface registration algorithm using normal distribution transform in stereotactic body radiotherapy\/radiosurgery: A phantom study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Haenghwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Neuroscience, &amp; Radiosurgery Hybrid Research Center Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong\u2010Mee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Neuroscience, &amp; Radiosurgery Hybrid Research Center Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Neuroscience, &amp; Radiosurgery Hybrid Research Center Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong\u2010Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon\u2010Jun","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Neuroscience, &amp; Radiosurgery Hybrid Research Center Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2775667"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2006.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3664006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1984263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3681967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2938504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03474-9_84"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429489402-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.802836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-013-0441-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/7\/005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2010.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01427149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-017-0765-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7352691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BiberP.The normal distributions transform: a new approach to laser scan matching Proceedings 2003 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2003) (Cat. 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