{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:34:00Z","timestamp":1777908840609,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The shallow depth of maximum dose and higher dose fall\u2010off gradient of a 2.5\u00a0MV beam along the central axis that is available for imaging on linear accelerators is investigated for treatment of shallow tumors and sparing the organs at risk (OARs) beyond it. In addition, the 2.5\u00a0MV beam has an energy bridging the gap between kilo\u2010voltage (kV) and mega\u2010voltage (MV) beams for applications of dose enhancement with high atomic number (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>) nanoparticles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have commissioned and utilized a MATLAB\u2010based, open\u2010source treatment planning software (TPS), matRad, for intensity\u2010modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dose calculations. Treatment plans for prostate, liver, and head and neck (H&amp;N), nasal cavity, two orbit cases, and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) were performed and compared to a conventional 6\u00a0MV beam. Additional Monte Carlo calculations were also used for benchmarking the central axis dose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both beams had similar planning target volume (PTV) dose coverage for all cases. However, the 2.5\u00a0MV beam deposited 6%\u201319% less integral doses to the nasal cavity, orbit, and GBM cases than 6\u00a0MV photons. The mean dose to the heart in the liver plan was 10.5% lower for 2.5\u00a0MV beam. The difference between the doses to OARs of H&amp;N for two beams was under 3%. Brain mean dose, brainstem, and optic chiasm max doses were, respectively, 7.5%\u201314.9%, 2.2%\u20138.1%, and 2.5%\u201319.0% lower for the 2.5\u00a0MV beam in the nasal cavity, orbit, and GBM plans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates that the 2.5\u00a0MV beam can produce clinically relevant treatment plans, motivating future efforts for design of single\u2010energy LINACs. Such a machine will be capable of producing beams at this energy beneficial for low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, and investigations on dose enhancement from high\u2010<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic> nanoparticles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T12:12:50Z","timestamp":1666872770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Treatment planning with a 2.5\u00a0MV photon beam for radiation therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Navid","family":"Khaledi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Faculty of Science Toronto Metropolitan University  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Physics Northern Ireland Cancer Centre Belfast Health and Social Care Trust  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Belshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Physics Northern Ireland Cancer Centre Belfast Health and Social Care Trust  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Grattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Physics Northern Ireland Cancer Centre Belfast Health and Social Care Trust  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rao","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Faculty of Science Toronto Metropolitan University  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Radiation Oncology Howard University  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Gr\u00e4fe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Faculty of Science Toronto Metropolitan University  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"YaoB LetourneauD LindsayP et\u00a0al.Enhanced cell killing in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line BxPC\u20103 irradiated with a novel 2.5 MV photon beam using gold nanoparticles. presented at: joint AAPM COMP meeting;2020; PO\u2010GeP\u2010T\u2010379. 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