{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T16:49:50Z","timestamp":1756572590015,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) Icon<jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup> is used for mask\u2010based and frame\u2010based fixation. The mask fixation provides a noninvasive method. However, an optimal mask fixation method is yet to be established. We evaluated the characteristics of three mask fixation methods (Plain, Folded, and Wide) for the LGK Icon<jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>. Force\u2010sensitive resistor sensors were attached to the forehead, supraorbital, zygoma, mandible, and occipital bone of the phantom, and digital humidity and temperature sensors were attached to both temporal lobes. Cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) and high\u2010definition motion management (HDMM) for each mask fixation method were used to evaluate the phantom motion during the initial application. Subsequently, the mask was removed and reapplied on the second (1st reapplication) and third days (2nd reapplication). In the initial application, forces acting on most portions of the phantom were stabilized within 1.5 h. The largest force acted on the occipital bone for the Plain and Wide methods and on the mandible for the Folded method. The temperature rapidly approaches the initial temperature, whereas the humidity gradually approached the initial humidity in all fixation methods. The Folded method exhibited a significantly lower translation along the Y\u2010axis of the Leksell coordinate system, and rotations along all axes were under 0.5\u00b0. The HDMM values remained at 0.1 mm for all fixation methods. In the reapplications, the force acting on the occipital bone was significantly greater than that during the initial application for all mask fixation methods; the temperature and humidity remained unchanged. All mask fixation methods in the 1st reapplication were not significantly different from those in the 2nd reapplication. The Folded method is recommended as an optimal mask fixation for patients who require tight fixation; the Wide method can be considered if patient comfort is a priority.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T19:04:11Z","timestamp":1673118251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimal mask fixation method for frameless radiosurgery with Leksell Gamma Knife Icon<sup>TM<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeong Cheol","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Chungbuk National University Hospital  Cheongju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8243-2568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun\u2010Tai","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Device Development Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3066-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Jun","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Chungbuk National University Hospital  Cheongju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-0812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun\u2010Sik","family":"Dho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Chungbuk National University Hospital  Cheongju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Chungbuk National University College of Medicine  Cheongju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14791\/btrt.2019.7.e31"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e57"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.7.GKS181516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz227"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2020.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2018-0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"De BakkerB.Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) with Arduino Tutorial. 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