{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:57:10Z","timestamp":1785304630253,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The stopping power ratio (SPR) prediction error will contribute to the range uncertainty of proton therapy. Spectral CT is promising in reducing the uncertainty in SPR estimation. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal energy pairs of SPR prediction for each tissue and to evaluate the dose distribution and range difference between the spectral CT with the optimal energy pairs method and the single energy CT (SECT) method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A new method was proposed based on image segmentation to calculate the proton dose with spectral CT images for the head and body phantom. CT number of each organ region were converted to SPR with the optimal energy pairs of each organ. The CT images were segmented into different organ parts with thresholding method. Virtual monoenergetic (VM) images from 70\u00a0keV to 140\u00a0keV were investigated to determine the optimal energy pairs for each organ based on Gammex 1467 phantom. The beam data of Shanghai Advanced Proton Therapy facility (SAPT) was employed in matRad (an open\u2010source software for radiation treatment planning) for the dose calculation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal energy pairs were obtained for each tissue. The dose distribution of two tumor sites (brain and lung) were calculated with the aforementioned optimal energy pairs. The maximum dose deviation between spectral CT and SECT at the target region was 2.57% and 0.84% for the lung tumor and brain tumor respectively. The range difference between spectral and SECT was significant with 1.8411\u00a0mm for the lung tumor. \u03b3 passing rate was 85.95% and 95.49% for the lung tumor and brain tumor with the criterion 2%\/2\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work presents a way to determine the optimal energy pairs for each organ and to calculate the dose distribution based on the more accurate SPR prediction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T04:47:50Z","timestamp":1686718070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation on the proton range uncertainty with spectral CT\u2010based virtual monoenergetic images"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Libing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education\/Beijing), Department of Radiotherapy Peking University Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute Beijing PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xincheng","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/13\/4095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/6\/016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.09.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2017.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-018-0051-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab735e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab3dec"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/25\/6\/014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/1\/83"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3679339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12251"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acm2.14062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T16:18:19Z","timestamp":1749140299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acm2.14062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acm2.14062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.14062","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-9914","1526-9914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-9914","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-9914","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14062"}}