{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T03:20:30Z","timestamp":1785468030483,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Performing lymphoscintigraphy in a separate room, frees up the conventional gamma camera, coupled with the desire to directly localize sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in the operating theatre has led to the development of high\u2010resolution semiconductor\u2010detector based handheld gamma\u2010cameras, CrystalCam.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work consists of phantom and clinical studies. For the first part, a Jaszczak phantom with hollow spheres of various volumes were filled with the <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>Tc and the camera's sensitivity was measured at various distances to assess the possibilities and limitations of the device. The clinical study evaluates the effectiveness of CrystalCam in localizing SLN in 40 consecutive malignant melanoma patients compared to both conventional planar lymphoscintigraphy and hybrid SPECT\/CT. SLNs detected by planar lymphoscintigraphy were marked on the patients\u2019 skin using a UV\u2010marker. CrystalCam images were acquired in another room by another examiner and the SLNs were marked with a felt pen. The detected nodes by both camera systems were evaluated using UV\u2010lamp and normal light to visualize the UV\u2010 and felt pen marks respectively. The concordance rate of the SLNs and higher\u2010echelon nodes localized by both planar scintigraphy and CrystalCam imaging with respect to the total SLNs and higher\u2010echelon nodes detected by SPECT\/CT imaging are compared and statistically analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the phantom study show a good correlation between activity and count\u2010rates for all distancesSPECT\/CT, CrystalCamm, and planar lymphoscintigraphy detected 69, 58, and 61 SLNs respectively. The concordance rate of 95.65% by the CrystalCam and planar scintigraphy implies both cameras are statistically coequal in preoperative SLN detection of malignant melanoma. For the higher\u2010echelon nodes, SPECT\/CT, planar and CrystalCam imaging systems identified 82, 48, and 13 respectively; thus, CrystalCam was statistically inferior to planar imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The handheld CrystalCam is a reliable instrument for localizing SLNs in surgical centers without an on\u2010site nuclear medicine department.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T07:25:11Z","timestamp":1687764311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of sentinel lymph node localization in malignant melanoma by preoperative semiconductor gamma camera and planar lymphoscintigraphy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Isong","family":"Assam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg\u2010Kehl Offenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon P.","family":"Dierck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKSH, Campus Kiel Clinic of Anesthesiology and Operative Medicine Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKSH, Campus Kiel Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"J\u00fcptner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKSH, Campus Kiel Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank\u2010Andr\u00e9","family":"Siebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKSH, Campus Kiel Clinic of Radiotherapy (Radiooncology) Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maaz","family":"Zuhayra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKSH, Campus Kiel Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"L\u00fctzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKSH, Campus Kiel Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2011.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3135-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2013.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Radiopharmaceuticals for Sentinel Lymph Node Detection: Status and Trends; IAEA Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals","author":"IAEA","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Localisation of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with melanomas by planar lymphoscintigraphic and hybrid SPECT\/CT imaging","volume":"15","author":"Otakar K","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nuclear Med Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","article-title":"Hybrid modality fusion of planar scintigrams and ct topograms to localize sentinel lymph nodes in breast lymphoscintigraphy: technical description and phantom studies","volume":"2011","author":"Dickinson RL","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Mole Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-005-1927-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Improved sentinel node identification by SPECT\/CT in overweight patients with breast cancer","volume":"48","author":"Lerman H","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2010.12.004"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"408","article-title":"Portable gamma camera guidance in sentinel lymph node biopsy: prospective observational study of consecutive cases","volume":"106","author":"Peral RF","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a handheld gamma camera system","volume":"1","author":"Knoll P","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Biomed Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Crystal Photonics GmbH.User's Manual CrystalCam Handheld Gamma Camera. 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