{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:50:41Z","timestamp":1792176641065,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dosimetric uncertainties in very small (\u22641.5\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01.5 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) photon fields are remarkably higher, which undermines the validity of the virtual cone (VC) technique with a diminutive and variable MLC fields. We evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of the VC method with a very small, fixed MLC field setting, called a fixed virtual cone (fVC), for small target radiosurgery such as trigeminal neuralgia (TGN). The fVC is characterized by 0.5 cm x 0.5\u00a0cm high\u2010definition (HD) MLC field of 10MV FFF beam defined at 100\u00a0cm SAD, while backup jaws are positioned at 1.5 cm x 1.5\u00a0cm. A spherical dose distribution equivalent to 5\u00a0mm (diameter) physical cone was generated using 10\u201314 non\u2010coplanar, partial arcs. Dosimetric accuracy was validated using SRS diode (PTW 60018), SRS MapCHECK (SNC) measurements. As a quality assurance measure, 10 treatment plans (SRS) for TGN, consisting of various arc ranges at different collimator angles were analyzed using 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF beams, including a field\u2010by\u2010field study (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0130 fields). Dose outputs were compared between the Eclipse TPS and measurements (SRS MapCHECK). Moreover, dosimetric changes in the field defining fVC, prompted by a minute (\u00b1\u00a00.5\u20131.0\u00a0mm) leaf shift, was examined among TPS, diode measurements, and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The beam model for fVC was validated (\u22643% difference) using SRS MapCHECK based absolute dose measurements. The equivalent diameters of the 50% isodose distribution were found comparable to that of a 5\u00a0mm cone. Additionally, the comparison of field output factors, dose per MU between the TPS and SRS diode measurements using the fVC field, including\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01\u00a0mm leaf shift, yielded average discrepancies within 5.5% and 3.5% for 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF beams, respectively. Overall, the fVC method is a credible alternative to the physical cone (5\u00a0mm) that can be applied in routine radiosurgical treatment of TGN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:49:40Z","timestamp":1695084580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Viability of the virtual cone technique using a fixed small multi\u2010leaf collimator field for stereotactic radiosurgery of trigeminal neuralgia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Taindra","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8611-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSO South Florida Proton Therapy Institute  Delray Beach Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Kassel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0240-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wazir","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Leventouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biological and Materials Physics (CBAMP) Department of Physics Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical 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