{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T16:22:18Z","timestamp":1756570938156,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>To investigate the effect of using non\u2010uniform loading and notched plaques on dose distribution for eye plaques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Using EGSnrc Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we investigate eye plaque dose distributions in water and in an anatomically representative eye phantom. Simulations were performed in accordance with TG43 formalism and compared against full MC simulations which account for inter\u2010seed and inhomogeneity effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>For standard plaque configurations, uniformly and non\u2010uniformly loaded plaque dose distributions in water showed virtually no difference between each other. For standard plaque, the MC calculated dose distribution in planes parallel to the plaque is narrower than the TG43 calculation due to attenuation at the periphery of the plaque by the modulay. MC calculated the dose behind the plaque is fully attenuated. Similar results were found for the notched plaque, with asymmetric attenuation along the plane of the notch. Cumulative dose volume histograms showed significant reductions in the calculated MC doses for both tumor and eye structures, compared to TG43 calculations. The effect was most pronounced for the notch plaque where the MC dose to the optic nerve was greatly attenuated by the modulay surrounding the optic nerve compared to the TG43. Thus, a reduction of optic nerve D95% from 14 to 0.2\u00a0Gy was observed, when comparing the TG43 calculation to the MC result. The tumor D95% reduced from 89.2 to 79.95\u00a0Gy for TG43 and MC calculations, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>TG43 calculations overestimate the absolute dose and the lateral dose distribution of both standard and notched eye plaques, leading to the dose overestimation for the target and organs at risk. The dose matching along the central axis for the non\u2010uniformly loaded plaques to that of uniformly loaded ones was found to be sufficient for providing comparable coverage and can be clinically used in eye\u2010cancer\u2010busy centers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T21:09:52Z","timestamp":1695416992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Monte Carlo investigation of dose distribution of uniformly and non\u2010uniformly loaded standard and notched eye plaques"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Oleksii","family":"Semeniuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medicine Program Princess Margaret Cancer Center  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6765-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Malkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc J. 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