{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:51:18Z","timestamp":1792403478335,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultrasonic for detecting and evaluating pleural effusion is an essential part of the Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (E\u2010FAST) in emergencies. Our study aimed to develop an Artificial Intelligence (AI) diagnostic model that automatically identifies and segments pleural effusion areas on ultrasonography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An Attention U\u2010net and a U\u2010net model were used to detect and segment pleural effusion on ultrasound images of 848 subjects through fully supervised learning. Sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, F1 score, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the model's effectiveness in classifying the data. The dice coefficient was used to evaluate the segmentation performance of the model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 10 random tests, the Attention U\u2010net and U\u2010net \u2019s average sensitivity of 97% demonstrated that the pleural effusion was well detectable. The Attention U\u2010net performed better at identifying negative images than the U\u2010net, which had an average specificity of 91% compared to 86% for the U\u2010net. Additionally, the Attention U\u2010net was more accurate in predicting the pleural effusion region because its average dice coefficient was 0.86 as opposed to the U\u2010net's average dice coefficient of 0.82.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Attention U\u2010net showed excellent performance in detecting and segmenting pleural effusion on ultrasonic images, which is expected to enhance the operation and application of E\u2010FAST in clinical work.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T19:17:54Z","timestamp":1702495074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Automated detection and segmentation of pleural effusion on ultrasound images using an Attention 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