{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:24:25Z","timestamp":1789647865204,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1932158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1932158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2019LZL018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2019LZL018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M652403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M652403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a radiotherapy positioning system based on Point Cloud Registration (PCR) and Augmented Reality (AR), and to verify its feasibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal steps of PCR were investigated, and virtual positioning experiments were designed to evaluate its accuracy and speed. AR was implemented by Unity 3D and Vuforia for initial position correction, and PCR for precision registration, to achieve the proposed radiotherapy positioning system. Feasibility of the proposed system was evaluated through phantom positioning tests as well as real human positioning tests. Real human tests involved breath\u2010holding positioning and free\u2010breathing positioning tests. Evaluation metrics included 6 Degree of Freedom (DOF) deviations and Distance (D) errors. Additionally, the interaction between CBCT and the proposed system was envisaged through CBCT and optical cross\u2010source PCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Point\u2010to\u2010plane iterative Closest Point (ICP), statistical filtering, uniform down\u2010sampling, and optimal sampling ratio were determined for PCR procedure. In virtual positioning tests, a single registration took only 0.111 s, and the average D error for 15 patients was 0.015\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.029\u00a0mm., Errors of phantom tests were at the sub\u2010millimeter level, with an average D error of 0.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.2\u00a0mm. In the real human positioning tests, the average accuracy of breath\u2010holding positioning was still at the sub\u2010millimeter level, where the errors of X, Y and Z axes were 0.59\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.12\u00a0mm, 0.54\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.12\u00a0mm, and 0.52\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.09\u00a0mm, and the average D error was 0.96\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.22\u00a0mm. In the free\u2010breathing positioning, the average errors in X, Y, and Z axes were still less than 1\u00a0mm. Although the mean D error was 1.93\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.36\u00a0mm, it still falls within a clinically acceptable error margin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The AR and PCR\u2010guided radiotherapy positioning system enables markerless, radiation\u2010free and high\u2010accuracy positioning, which is feasible in real\u2010world scenarios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T06:49:45Z","timestamp":1705474185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Feasibility evaluation of radiotherapy positioning system guided by augmented reality and point cloud registration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shaozhuang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei P.R. China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5954-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziwen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligang","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Shandong University Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Jinan Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Shandong University Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Jinan Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchao","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei P.R. China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei P.R. China"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Shandong University Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Jinan Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2019.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3675973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.921607"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChunyingL et\u00a0al.Research and development of an augmented reality visual image\u2010guided radiotherapy positioning technology.2020.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-131843\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.572054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShishidoH et\u00a0al.IEEE 8th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE).2019:770\u2010774.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCCE46687.2019.9015275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"ChoeJ JoungB RameauF ParkJ KweonIS inInternational Conference on Learning Representations (LCJR).2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WangX JiangH YangB in2021 International Conference on Communications Information System and Computer Engineering (CISCE).2021:601\u2010605.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISCE52179.2021.9446001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"RusuRB BlodowN BeetzM inProceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Robotics and Automation 1848\u20131853. 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