{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T07:31:07Z","timestamp":1753860667338,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010Contrast Enhanced CT (NCECT) is normally required for proton dose calculation while Contrast Enhanced CT (CECT) is often scanned for tumor and organ delineation. Possible tissue motion between these two CTs raises dosimetry uncertainties, especially for moving tumors in the thorax and abdomen. Here we report a deep\u2010learning approach to generate NCECT directly from CECT. This method could be useful to avoid the NCECT scan, reduce CT simulation time and imaging dose, and decrease the uncertainties caused by tissue motion between otherwise two different CT scans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A deep network was developed to convert CECT to NCECT. The network receives a 3D image from CECT images as input and generates a corresponding contrast\u2010removed NCECT image patch. Abdominal CECT and NCECT image pairs of 20 patients were deformably registered and 8000 image patch pairs extracted from the registered image pairs were utilized to train and test the model. CTs of clinical proton patients and their treatment plans were employed to evaluate the dosimetric impact of using the generated NCECT for proton dose calculation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our approach achieved a Cosine Similarity score of 0.988 and an MSE value of 0.002. A quantitative comparison of clinical proton dose plans computed on the CECT and the generated NCECT for five proton patients revealed significant dose differences at the distal of beam paths. V100% of PTV and GTV changed by 3.5% and 5.5%, respectively. The mean HU difference for all five patients between the generated and the scanned NCECTs was \u223c4.72, whereas the difference between CECT and the scanned NCECT was \u223c64.52, indicating a \u223c93% reduction in mean HU difference.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A deep learning approach was developed to generate NCECTs from CECTs. This approach could be useful for the proton dose calculation to reduce uncertainties caused by tissue motion between CECT and NCECT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T10:33:55Z","timestamp":1706178835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A deep learning approach to remove contrast from contrast\u2010enhanced CT for proton dose calculation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5277-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deshan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Duke University  Durham North Carolina 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