{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:02:38Z","timestamp":1791946958045,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81771921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To propose an efficient collimator angle optimization method by combining island blocking (IB) and parked gap (PG) problem to reduce the radiotherapy dose for normal tissue. The reduction will be done with single\u2010isocenter multi\u2010lesion volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for the stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) of liver cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A novel collimator angle optimization algorithm was developed based on the two\u2010dimensional projection of targets on a beam's eye view (BEV) plane as a function of gantry and collimator angle. This optimization algorithm minimized the sum of the combined IB and PG (IB &amp; PG) areas from all gantry angles for each arc. For comparison, two SBRT plans were respectively generated for each of the 20 retrospective liver cancer cases with multiple lesions. One plan was optimized using the IB &amp; PG algorithm, and the other plan was optimized with a previously reported optimization algorithm that only considered the IB area. Plans were then evaluated and compared using typical dosimetric metrics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the comparable target coverage, IB &amp; PG plans had significantly lower <jats:italic>D<jats:sub>500cc<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>D<jats:sub>700cc<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, mean dose (<jats:italic>D<jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>), and <jats:italic>V<jats:sub>15<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> of normal liver tissues when compared to IB plans. The median percent reductions were 3.32% to 5.36%. The <jats:italic>D<jats:sub>1cc<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>D<jats:sub>5cc<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>D<jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> for duodenum and small intestine in IB &amp; PG plans were significantly reduced in a range from 7.60% up to 16.03%. Similarly, the median integral dose was reduced by 3.73%. Furthermore, the percentage of normal liver <jats:italic>D<jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> sparing when IB &amp; PG plans compared to IB plans, was found to be positively correlated (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.669, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001) with the inter\u2010target distance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed IB &amp; PG algorithm has been demonstrated to outperform the IB algorithm in almost all normal tissue sparing, and the magnitude of liver sparing was positively correlated with inter\u2010target distance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T14:58:07Z","timestamp":1706021887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimization of collimator angle combined island blocking with parked gap achieves superior normal tissue sparing in SBRT planning of multiple liver lesions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maidina","family":"Abuduxiku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Physics &amp; Technology Center Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Physics &amp; Technology Center Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Oncology Department Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Oncology Department Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianghong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Physics &amp; Technology Center Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan 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