{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T22:00:37Z","timestamp":1776895237355,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB031007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB031007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histotripsy is a nonionizing, noninvasive, and nonthermal focal tumor therapy. Cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) guidance was developed for targeting tumors not visible on ultrasound. This approach assumes cavitation is formed at the geometrical focal point of the therapy transducer. In practice, the exact location might vary slightly between transducers. In this study, we present a phantom with an embedded target to evaluate CBCT\u2010guided histotripsy accuracy and assess the completeness of treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spherical (2.8\u00a0cm) targets with alternating layers of agar and radiopaque barium were embedded in larger phantoms with similar layers. The layer geometry was designed so that targets were visible on pre\u2010treatment CBCT scans. The actual histotripsy treatment zone was visualized via the mixing of adjacent barium and agar layers in post\u2010treatment CBCT images. CBCT\u2010guided histotripsy treatments of the targets were performed in six phantoms. Offsets between planned and actual treatment zones were measured and used for calibration refinement. To measure targeting accuracy after calibration refinement, six additional phantoms were treated. In a separate investigation, two groups (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03) of phantoms were treated to assess visualization of incomplete treatments (\u201cundertreatment\u201d group: 2\u00a0cm treatment within 2.8\u00a0cm tumor, \u201cmistarget\u201d group: 2.8\u00a0cm treatment intentionally shifted laterally). Treatment zones were segmented (3D Slicer 5.0.3), and the centroid distance between the prescribed target and actual treatment zones was quantified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the calibration refinement group, a 2\u00a0mm offset in the direction of ultrasound propagation (Z) was measured. After calibration refinement, the centroid\u2010to\u2010centroid distance between prescribed and actual treatment volumes was 0.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.2\u00a0mm. Average difference between the prescribed and measured treatment sizes in the incomplete treatment groups was 0.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7\u00a0mm. In the mistarget group, the distance between prescribed and measured shifts was 0.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.1\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed prototype phantom allowed for accurate measurement of treatment size and location, and the CBCT visible target provided a simple way to detect misalignments for preliminary quality assurance of CBCT\u2010guided histotripsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T12:03:21Z","timestamp":1710763401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A target containing phantom for accuracy assessment of cone\u2010beam CT\u2010guided histotripsy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4561-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayca Z.","family":"Kutlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace M.","family":"Minesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Laeseke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Speidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin G.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2021.1905189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2021.3055138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ULTRASMEDBIO.2018.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yacr.2022.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2014.6722618"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/RADIOL.2018171544\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/RADIOL.2018171544.FIG7.JPEG"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2022.2112309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc\u20102019\u2010000200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CANCERS14071612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WagnerMG LaesekePF KutluA et al.A histotripsy targeting approach using a mobile C\u2010arm. 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