{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:35:10Z","timestamp":1773027310430,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surface\u2010guided radiotherapy (SGRT) is adopted by several institutions; however, reports on the phantoms used to assess the precision of the SGRT setup are limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to develop a phantom to verify the accuracy of the irradiation position during skin mark\u2010less SGRT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic cube phantom with a diameter of 150\u00a0mm on each side containing a dummy target of 15\u00a0mm and two types of body surface\u2010shaped phantoms (breast\/face shape) that could be attached to the cube phantom were fabricated. Films can be inserted on four sides of the cubic phantom (left, right, anterior and posterior), and the center of radiation can be calculated by irradiating the dummy target with orthogonal MV beams. Three types of SGRT using a VOXELAN\u2010HEV600M (Electronics Research&amp;Development Corporation, Okayama, Japan) were evaluated using this phantom: (i) SGRT<jats:sub>CT<\/jats:sub>\u2014a SGRT set\u2010up based solely on a computed tomography (CT)\u2010reference image. (ii) SGRT<jats:sub>CT<\/jats:sub> + CBCT\u2014a method where cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) matching was performed after SGRT<jats:sub>CT<\/jats:sub>. (iii) SGRT<jats:sub>Scan<\/jats:sub>\u2014a resetup technique using a scan reference image obtained after completing the (ii) step.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both the breast and face phantoms were recognized in the SGRT system without problems. SGRT<jats:sub>Scan<\/jats:sub> ensure precision within 1\u00a0mm\/1\u00b0 for breast and face verification, respectively. All SGRT methods showed comparable rotational accuracies with no significant disparities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The developed phantom was useful for verifying the accuracy of skin mark\u2010less SGRT position matching. The SGRT<jats:sub>Scan<\/jats:sub> demonstrated the feasibility of achieving skin\u2010mark less SGRT with high accuracy, with deviations of less than 1\u00a0mm. Additional research is necessary to evaluate the suitability of the developed phantoms for use in various facilities and systems. This phantom could be used for postal surveys in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T18:54:17Z","timestamp":1714676057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of a phantom for assessing the precision of setup in skin mark\u2010less surface\u2010guided radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8636-4045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahide","family":"Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6540-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikaru","family":"Nemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidekazu","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0414-5218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasugai General Rehabilitation Hospital Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Komiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi 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