{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:30:39Z","timestamp":1789907439043,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The energy threshold is an important parameter for precise material identification employing photon\u2010counting techniques. However, in such applications, the appropriate energy threshold has not been clarified. Therefore, we aimed to determine the appropriate energy threshold range for precise material identification, focusing on effective atomic number (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>) values as an index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The atomic number was estimated using a previously proposed algorithm and Monte Carlo simulations. This algorithm included three steps: calculating the attenuation factor from the incident photon counts on a photon\u2010counting detector, correcting the beam\u2010hardening effects, and estimating the atomic number from the attenuation factor index using the calibration curve. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to add Poisson noise to an ideal x\u2010ray spectrum. The total number of incident x\u2010rays was set in the range of 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>. The x\u2010ray spectra were generated at tube voltages of 50\u2013120\u00a0kV. Polymethyl methacrylate (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06.5) and aluminum (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a013) were used for the analysis. The energy threshold was varied at intervals of 1\u00a0keV to estimate the atomic number. We evaluated the appropriate energy threshold range for accurately estimating the atomic number using the obtained atomic number data and statistical uncertainty under various conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The appropriate energy threshold range was found to be 31\u201338\u00a0keV for a\u00a0tube voltage range of 50\u2013120\u00a0kV. At this energy threshold, the atomic number can be estimated within an accuracy of\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7 at 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> counts for the atomic number range of 6.5 (PMMA) to 13 (Al).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found the appropriate energy threshold range. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for appropriately setting the energy threshold during precise material identification using photon\u2010counting detectors for clinical applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T06:45:36Z","timestamp":1740120336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Determination of appropriate energy threshold range for accurate estimation of effective atomic number considering statistical uncertainty in photon\u2010counting techniques"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tomonobu","family":"Haba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Radiological Technology School of Medical Science Fujita Health University  Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8836-5068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transdisciplinary Sciences for Innovation Kanazawa University  Ishikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsukasa","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Fujita Health University Hospital  Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science Fujita Health University  Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science Fujita Health University  Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JOB CORPORATION  Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3489-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natsumi","family":"Kimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Science Faculty of Health Sciences Junshin Gakuen University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Radiological Technology School of Medical Science Fujita Health University  Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/abc5a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Photon Counting Detectors for X\u2010Ray Imaging","author":"Hayashi H","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62680-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201035888\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2018.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000251"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/62\/1\/202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.3.4.043503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2024.103210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SasakiM KoyamaS KoderaY et\u00a0al.Identification of breast tissue using the x\u2010ray image measured with an energy\u2010resolved cadmium telluride series detector based on photon\u2010counting technique.14th International Workshop on Breast Imaging (IWBI 2018).SPIE.2018; 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