{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:26:00Z","timestamp":1773001560938,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brass\u2010mesh\u2010bolus (BMB) has been proposed as an alternative to water\u2010equivalent bolus due to its ease of setup and conformality to patient contour. In high\u2010energy beams, BMB can become radioactive and pose a potential exposure risk to therapists from frequent exposure while handling. Very little research has been performed on the method of activation and dose from clinically realistic activation of BMB, necessitating the need for further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the expected activation of the BMB, products via neutron\u2010capture were calculated using thermal\u2010neutron cross\u2010section tables, as has been performed in previous literature. A novel consideration is to include the photo\u2010neutron activation components. Measurements were performed using an NaI\u2010scintillator after BMB irradiation, assessing its activity for both in\u2010field and out\u2010of\u2010field activation. The collected gamma spectrum was compared to expected peaks based on differing activation modes. Energy peaks are isolated for half\u2010life measurements to find relative ratios and potential long\u2010term activation risk. Potential exposure to workers after multiple irradiation events was measured using a Ludlum 9DP and BeO OSLDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Expected radionuclide products are predicted depending on activation mode: Cu\u201064, Cu\u201066, Zn\u201065, and Zn\u201069 via neutron capture and Cu\u201062, Cu\u201064, Zn\u201063, and Zn\u201065 via photo\u2010neutron activation. Gamma\u2010spectrum analysis shows that photo\u2010neutron activation is the dominant source of exposure with decay via positron emission. The effective half\u2010life of the 511\u00a0keV positron annihilation peak is measured as 12.16\u00a0min, mostly from Cu\u201062 and Zn\u201063. Survey measurements indicate the dose to workers of the BMB to be 0.106 mrem per course of a 25 fx, 400 MU\/fx, 15 MV treatment if the therapist handles the BMB every fx for 30 s. Using the OSLDs, under the same conditions but handling the bolus for 1\u00a0min per fraction, skin dose was estimated as 9.23 mrem per course.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The dominant source of exposure from BMB is the result of photo\u2010neutron activation rather than neutron\u2010capture, as was historically assumed. Penetration of the resultant positron emission is considerable given the presence of annihilation photons compared to previously assumed beta decay and should be considered for exposure to workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T11:34:56Z","timestamp":1752492896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brass\u2010mesh\u2010bolus\u2013Radiation safety analysis and activation characterization following high energy photon treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Mallory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Associates in Medical Physics  Colorado Springs Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Associates in Medical Physics  Colorado Springs Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiernan","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Associates in Medical Physics  Colorado Springs Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Dosimetric assessment of brass mesh bolus for postmastectomy photon radiotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Manger R","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Med Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2021.01.001"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","article-title":"Comparing brass mesh to tissue equivalent bolus materials for volumetric modulated arc therapy chest wall irradiation","volume":"24","author":"Keiper TD","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Med Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2012.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150796"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Activation of hip prostheses in high energy radiotherapy and resultant dose to nearby tissue","volume":"18","author":"Keehan S","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Med Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncl162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200101000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"803","article-title":"Estimate of PHotonuclear reaction in a medical linear accelerator using a water\u2010equivalent phantom","volume":"2","author":"Fujibuchi T","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucl Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"BrownD.Neutron activation and scattering calculator.NIST Center for Neutron Research. 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