{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:26:15Z","timestamp":1773001575424,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates the effectiveness of spectral filtration\u2014specifically Tin and SilverBeam filters\u2014in achieving ultra\u2010low radiation doses in pediatric computed tomography (CT) imaging for craniosynostosis diagnosis. We investigate whether these filters can reduce radiation to levels comparable to or below those of standard four\u2010view skull x\u2010rays, while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. Unlike previous research focused broadly on dose reduction, this study highlights the potential of Tin and SilverBeam filtration as a promising solution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CT images were acquired using a pediatric head fracture phantom, with sutures simulating craniosynostosis, on two scanners with different spectral filters. The CTDIvol was reduced by varying percentages from standard pediatric protocols using Tin and SilverBeam filters. Image quality and radiation dose were quantitatively assessed, while two radiologists performed qualitative evaluations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dose comparisons showed that images with at least a 89.2% reduction in CTDIvol using the Tin filter and a 91.4% reduction when using the SilverBeam filter resulted in lower doses than a standard four\u2010view skull x\u2010ray (0.09 mSv). The greatest dose reduction (up to 161%) occurred with SilverBeam at a 99.9% reduction in CTDIvol. While significant pixel intensity changes were observed at the sutures, spatial resolution decreased at lower dose settings. Two pediatric radiologists observed clear skull and orbit outlines under clinical conditions, but coronal sutures became undetectable near 90% CTDIvol reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spectral filtration ultra\u2010low\u2010dose CT significantly reduces radiation exposure compared to four\u2010view skull x\u2010rays, showing promise for diagnosing craniosynostosis. Further patient\u2010based studies are needed to validate diagnostic efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Advances in knowledge<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to assess spectral filtration in ultra\u2010low\u2010dose pediatric head CT, highlighting significant dose reductions without compromising diagnostic quality, and stressing the need for further validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T11:33:16Z","timestamp":1752492796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utilization of spectral filteration for ultra\u2010low dose brain CT in pediatric patients for diagnosis of craniosynostosis: A phantom study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4502-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor","family":"Braniff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Monash Health Imaging Monash Health  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Ditchfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Health Imaging Monash Health  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7399-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Gubser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital  St. Gallen Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9117-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahilan","family":"Kuganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Health Imaging Monash Health  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8029-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. K.","family":"Badawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Health Imaging Monash Health  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences School of Primary and Allied Health Care Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.113702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"\u2018CT Scans for Children: information for Referrers\u2019. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency; 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02524689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247\u2010021\u201005205\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247\u2010023\u201005717\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057\u20101976\/acd2de"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McColloughC CodyD EdyveanS et\u00a0al.2008. \u2018The Measurement Reporting and Management of Radiation Dose in CT\u2019 AAPM. 10.37206\/97","DOI":"10.37206\/97"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278\u2010006\u20101052\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci8030026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"America College of Radiology. \u2018ACR CT Accreditation Guidelines\u2019. American College of Radiology; 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","article-title":"An Improved Method of Measuring Spatial Resolution of the Computed Tomography from ESF based on CT phantom images","author":"Alshweikh AM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Appl Eng Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2673"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5063"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acm2.70176","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/acm2.70176","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acm2.70176","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:01:44Z","timestamp":1772992904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acm2.70176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acm2.70176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.70176","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-9914","1526-9914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-9914","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-9914","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70176"}}