{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:23:28Z","timestamp":1773001408665,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing prevalence of obesity poses challenges for dose optimization in projection radiography due to greater anatomical thickness in overweight and obese patients worldwide. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) alone may not adequately account for variations in body habitus, potentially leading to suboptimal patient protection. This study aimed to explore benchmark doses (BMDs) based on patient body mass index (BMI) for projection radiography examinations of major anatomical regions in Sri Lanka, providing a complementary approach for dose optimization alongside DRLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This prospective study included 1989 adult patients (\u226518 years) undergoing abdomen anteroposterior (AP), chest posteroanterior (PA), kidney\u2013ureter\u2013bladder (KUB) AP, lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine lateral (LAT), and pelvis AP examinations at six major tertiary care hospitals. For each examination, patient demographics (age, weight, height, and BMI) and exposure parameters (kilovoltage peak [kVp] and tube current\u2010exposure time product [mAs]) were recorded, and the patient doses in terms of kerma\u2010area product (P\n                      <jats:sub>KA<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were measured using a P\n                      <jats:sub>KA<\/jats:sub>\n                      meter. DRLs (achievable doses) were proposed at the median of the median P\n                      <jats:sub>KA<\/jats:sub>\n                      distribution across hospitals for a standard\u2010sized patient group (58\u00a0\u00b1\u00a020\u00a0kg). For BMI\u2010based BMDs, patients were classified into four standard BMI categories: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese. The median P\n                      <jats:sub>KA<\/jats:sub>\n                      distributions across hospitals were used to formulate BMI\u2010based BMDs, which were then compared with the proposed DRLs for the standard\u2010sized patient group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed a progressive increase in BMI\u2010based BMDs across BMI categories for all examinations studied. BMI\u2010based BMDs (in Gy.cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese patients were as follows: 1.46, 1.94, 2.88, 3.00 (abdomen AP); 0.17, 0.21, 0.22, 0.25 (chest PA); 1.70, 1.76, 2.30, 3.60 (KUB AP); 1.00, 1.03, 1.29, 1.48 (lumbar spine AP); 1.94, 2.09, 2.57, 2.56 (lumbar spine LAT); and 0.60, 1.85, 1.86, 2.24 (pelvis AP). Compared to normal weight patients, underweight patients exhibited percentage reductions in BMI\u2010based BMDs of 24.7%, 3.4%, 2.9%, 7.1%, 4.5%, and 67.6% for abdomen AP, KUB AP, lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine LAT, chest PA, and pelvis AP, respectively. Conversely, overweight patients demonstrated percentage increases of 48.5%, 30.7%, 25.2%, 23.0%, 4.8%, and 0.5% across the same examinations, while obese patients showed increases of 54.6%, 104.5%, 51.5%, 22.5%, 19.0%, and 21.1%, respectively. DRLs for the standard\u2010sized patient group were 1.82, 0.22, 2.03, 1.27, 2.21, and 1.90\u00a0Gy.cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the importance of BMI\u2010based BMDs as an effective tool for personalized dose optimization, accounting for variations in patient body habitus. Their integration into clinical practice, alongside DRLs, could enhance patient protection and promote good radiographic practices. Furthermore, the findings underscore the need for the introduction of international guidelines for DRLs in intervals of BMI to ensure standardized implementation across countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T07:44:39Z","timestamp":1752565479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Patient\u2010size based dose optimization in projection radiography examinations: A BMI\u2010guided approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3593-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachith","family":"Welarathna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Peradeniya Peradeniya Sri Lanka"},{"name":"Postgraduate Institute of Science University of Peradeniya Peradeniya Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8473-767X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivakumar","family":"Velautham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Peradeniya Peradeniya Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0854-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivananthan","family":"Sarasanandarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Bharathiar University Coimbatore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2021.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic Reference Levels in Medical Imaging","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"Patient Radiation Exposure Monitoring in Medical Imaging, Safety Reports Series No. 112","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Optimisation of Radiological Protection in Digital Radiology Techniques for Medical Imaging","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221263"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200814"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00940-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-024-01080-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Obesity and overweight.World Health Organization. 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