{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:16:50Z","timestamp":1789834610965,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011621","name":"Winship Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Managing respiratory motion is essential for accurate external beam radiotherapy of thoracic and abdominal tumors. Surface\u2010guided radiation therapy systems offer precise respiratory motion monitoring, albeit being often expensive and complex. Cost\u2010effective optical imaging technology could increase accessibility to accurate respiratory monitoring in radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A realtime respiratory monitoring system was developed using off\u2010the\u2010shelf depth camera and custom software. The system tracks a superficial surrogate in three dimensions using depth and optical data. Initial testing involved tracking rigid phantoms in static and dynamic scenarios. 1D sinusoidal motion of various amplitudes was used as ground truth to assess system performance at different distances from the camera. 3D\u2010motion was tracked concomitantly with the proposed system and a clinical surface imaging system. System accuracy against nominal motion was evaluated using Pearson correlation (r), tracking success rate (TSR), and mean absolute error (MAE). Bland\u2013Altman analysis assessed agreement with the clinical system in the absence of ground truth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The system accurately measured static targets, with depth errors of 0.03\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.13\u00a0mm at 560\u00a0mm and 0.65\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.61\u00a0mm at 1120\u00a0mm. For vertical 1D\u2010motion, TSR (\u22641\u00a0mm) was 100% at 560\u00a0mm and 98.7% at 1120\u00a0mm; longitudinal TSR ranged from 92% to 50% as distance increased. Pearson correlation remained\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.98, except at distances \u2265980\u00a0mm and amplitudes \u22645\u00a0mm. Mean errors were consistently \u22641\u00a0mm, with minimal bias and narrow limits of agreement in Bland\u2013Altman analysis compared to the clinical system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed system demonstrates suitability for realtime respiratory motion monitoring in radiotherapy, while minimizing the implementation costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T13:01:58Z","timestamp":1756645318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Affordable realtime respiratory monitoring system for radiation oncology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9563-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hania","family":"Al\u2010Hallaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3572-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian","family":"Axente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semradonc.2003.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2349696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v17i4.6114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1990.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semradonc.2003.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360\u20103016(89)90078\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360\u20103016(00)00747\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360\u20103016(99)00056\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598837"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360\u20103016(00)00625\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360\u20103016(01)02822\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2006.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2009.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014\u2010021\u201001816\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13705"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.845037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13893"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jxym.2018.06.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v12i1.3288"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014\u2010016\u20100716\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2018.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014\u2010019\u20101329\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014\u2010020\u201001629\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.573279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2022.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqae049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13754"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014\u2010020\u201001611\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","unstructured":"LooeH Pre\u2010clinical experience with LUNA 3D\u2014the new surface guided radiation therapy system by LAP. 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