{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:45:56Z","timestamp":1788540356414,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Precise determination of organ absorbed doses in computed tomography (CT) is vital for evaluating radiation risk and optimizing radiation dose. This study aimed to improve the accuracy of organ absorbed dose estimates in abdominal CT by integrating tube current modulation (TCM) profiles\u2014extracted from the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) headers\u2014into Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The proposed study was validated by comparing the simulation results with direct measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS), an MC simulation model, was validated by comparing its simulated weighted CT dose index (CTDI\n                      <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) with measurements obtained using a 32\u2010cm PMMA phantom on a 256\u2010slice multidetector CT scanner. Organ doses were measured using radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters placed at the anatomical locations of various organs within an abdominal phantom. Scans were performed under both fixed tube current conditions and TCM with noise indices (NI) of 9 and 11. A voxel\u2010based phantom model was constructed from CT image data, and TCM profiles were extracted from DICOM headers for use in the simulations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The simulated CTDI\n                      <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                      values were within 10% of the measured data. The relative differences between simulated and measured organ absorbed doses for the liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas ranged from \u221214.0% to 7.87% across both fixed tube current and TCM protocols. Slightly larger deviations were noted for the kidneys under TCM at NI 9. While the average dose differed depending on the NI setting, the dose distribution trend under TCM was comparable to that of fixed tube current scans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The agreement between simulated and measured organ doses, including CTDI\n                      <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                      , was consistent across all protocols. The observed consistency in dose distribution patterns affirms the reliability and applicability of the proposed correction method for accurate and protocol\u2010specific organ dose estimation in abdominal CT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T10:31:30Z","timestamp":1761906690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improved organ absorbed dose estimation in abdominal CT using DICOM header\u2010based tube current modulation profiles: Validation with measurements and Monte Carlo simulations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5004-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chatnapa","family":"Nuntue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Division of Health Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Thammasat University  Pathumthani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9933-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantum Medical Technology Faculty of Health Sciences Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University  Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Division of Health Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Division of Health Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9834-7354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khajonsak","family":"Tantiwetchayanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Division of Health Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan"},{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine Department of Radiology Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.8.5.052109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation.UNSCEAR 2020\/2021 Report: Volume I\u2014Sources effects and risks of ionizing radiation. 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