{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T03:44:24Z","timestamp":1787629464792,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the impact of a commercial AI\u2010assisted contouring tool on intra\u2010 and inter\u2010observer variability in prostate radiation therapy and assessed the dosimetric consequences of geometric contour differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two experienced radiation oncologists independently delineated clinical target volume (CTV) and organs at risk (OARs) for prostate cancer patients. Manual contours (C\n                      <jats:sub>man<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and AI\u2010generated contours (C\n                      <jats:sub>AI<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were compared with adjusted AI contours (C\n                      <jats:sub>AI,adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). A consensus reference (C\n                      <jats:sub>ref<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) served as the benchmark. To evaluate clinical impact, treatment plans were recalculated and replanned on each contour set under identical beam geometries to assess dose\u2013volume histogram (DVH) parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AI\u2010assisted contouring significantly improved both intra\u2010 and inter\u2010observer agreement. Inter\u2010observer analysis revealed that the Dice similarity coefficient (DSCs) for CTV increased from 0.78 (\u00b1\u00a00.11) for C\n                      <jats:sub>man<\/jats:sub>\n                      to 0.89 (\u00b1\u00a00.09) for C\n                      <jats:sub>AI, adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Similarly, intra\u2010observer analysis revealed that both oncologists showed significantly higher DSCs for C\n                      <jats:sub>AI, adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      compared to C\n                      <jats:sub>man<\/jats:sub>\n                      . A thorough geometric comparison to the C\n                      <jats:sub>ref<\/jats:sub>\n                      revealed that while adjustments to C\n                      <jats:sub>AI<\/jats:sub>\n                      improved accuracy, they generally did not surpass C\n                      <jats:sub>man<\/jats:sub>\n                      for CTV and rectum. Dosimetric analyses demonstrated that, under fixed plan geometry, both C\n                      <jats:sub>man<\/jats:sub>\n                      and C\n                      <jats:sub>AI,adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      contours yielded lower planning target volume (PTV) D95% values compared with C\n                      <jats:sub>ref<\/jats:sub>\n                      , whereas after replanning, all plans met institutional criteria with no clinically significant differences among contour sets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AI\u2010assisted contouring in prostate radiotherapy reduced intra\u2010 and inter\u2010observer variability and improved contouring consistency. However, C\n                      <jats:sub>AI, adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      did not consistently surpass C\n                      <jats:sub>man<\/jats:sub>\n                      , especially for the CTV and rectum, where automation bias or selective clinical acceptance may have influenced edits. Fixed\u2010plan recalculations revealed dose differences from minor geometric deviations. These findings underscore the importance of structured quality assurance (QA) and human oversight to mitigate automation bias while leveraging AI's efficiency. The single\u2010institution design with two oncologists and one AI software limits generalizability, underscoring the need for multi\u2010observer validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T08:18:55Z","timestamp":1766132335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical validation of AI\u2010assisted contouring in prostate radiation therapy treatment planning: Highlighting automation bias and the need for standardized quality assurance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Arjmandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology School of Paramedical Sciences Gerash University of Medical Sciences  Gerash Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Reza","family":"Sebzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine Birjand University of Medical Sciences  Birjand Iran"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Iran Mehr Hospital Birjand University of Medical Sciences  Birjand Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Molaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Iran Mehr Hospital Birjand University of Medical Sciences  Birjand Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology Research Center Cancer Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rezaie\u2010Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology Iran Mehr 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