{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:07:58Z","timestamp":1771337278978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effects of targeted modifications to a clinical 4D\u2010MR pulse sequence on displacement accuracy for abdominal tumor motion tracking, and to compare its performance with established 4D\u2010MR and 4D\u2010CT protocols using a motion phantom driven by clinically representative respiratory waveforms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A commercially available MRI\u2010compatible motion phantom was used to simulate abdominal tumor motion driven by both sinusoidal and patient\u2010derived respiratory waveforms. Imaging was performed on a 1.5T MRI scanner using a 3D radial stack\u2010of\u2010stars sequence for 4D\u2010MR imaging and a clinical CT scanner. Four acquisition parameters, slice thickness, acquisition orientation, number of radial views, and number of respiratory bins, were systematically varied. Displacement measurements were performed using line intensity profiles extracted from coronal slices and analyzed based on full\u2010width\u2010at\u2010half\u2010maximum calculations. Comparisons were made against both ground\u2010truth programmed displacements and clinical 4D\u2010CT measurements. Additional displacement measurement comparisons between a coronal 10\u2010bin 4D\u2010MR protocol and an axial 5\u2010bin 4D\u2010MR and 4D\u2010CT scans were evaluated on both sinusoidal and patient\u2010derived respiratory traces. Organ displacement measurements between the MR protocols were compared on compression\u2010belt patients as a preliminary study of the in vivo comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The modified 4D\u2010MR protocol, incorporating ten respiratory bins and coronal acquisition, significantly improved displacement accuracy relative to the clinical axial MR protocol. For sinusoidal waveforms, displacement differences between coronal MR and CT were comparable (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05), being consistently within 0.5\u00a0mm of each other, while axial MR underestimated displacement by more than 1\u00a0mm across amplitudes and breathing periods (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Linear mixed\u2010effects modeling of patient\u2010derived respiratory waveforms showed that the coronal MR protocol outperformed the axial MR protocol by 1.70\u00a0mm for regular and 3.10\u00a0mm for irregular patterns (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), with no significant differences observed between coronal MR and CT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A modified 4D\u2010MRI protocol incorporating optimized acquisition parameters demonstrated displacement accuracy equivalent to 4D\u2010CT in a 1D motion phantom, including under patient\u2010derived respiratory conditions. These results support the clinical feasibility of 4D\u2010MR as a radiation\u2010free alternative for motion\u2010resolved imaging in select cases, with further validation in multi\u2010directional motion and in vivo settings recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T09:12:35Z","timestamp":1766999555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phantom\u2010based assessment of a modified 4D\u2010MRI protocol for abdominal tumor motion tracking: Effects of sequence parameters and modality comparison"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7427-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Aire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana 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of Physics and Astronomy Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center  Baton Rouge Louisiana 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