{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:54:04Z","timestamp":1791986044770,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computed tomography (CT) examinations of the head, paranasal sinus (PNS), and cervical spine (C\u2010spine) are frequently performed in emergency settings, raising concerns about radiation exposure to the radiosensitive eye lens. Overexposure can cause radiation\u2010induced ocular damage. To address this concern, organ dose modulation (ODM) has emerged as a promising technique for reducing eye lens dose in CT examinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate radiation exposure to the eye lens and objective image quality metrics for head, PNS, and C\u2010spine CT examinations using fixed tube current, automatic tube current modulation (ATCM), and ODM techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eye lens doses were measured using nanoDot optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) placed bilaterally to the eye lens of a whole\u2010body anthropomorphic phantom (PBU\u201060). CT scans were performed using a Revolution EX CT scanner with three scanning techniques: fixed tube current, ATCM, and ODM. The phantom was scanned twice for each examination type (head, PNS, and C\u2010spine) with all three techniques. Eye lens dose reductions with the ODM technique were quantified relative to fixed tube current and ATCM techniques. Image quality was quantitatively evaluated in terms of image noise, signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (SNR), and contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (CNR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean eye lens doses\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation (SD) using the ODM technique were 38.44\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.37, 17.92\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.01, and 9.77\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.38\u00a0mGy for head, PNS, and C\u2010spine, respectively. These eye lens doses were reduced by 4.28%, 21.33%, and 47.97% compared to the fixed tube current techniques and by 19.40%, 24.70%, and 13.69% compared to the ATCM techniques, for head, PNS, and C\u2010spine, respectively. These dose reductions were achieved while maintaining image quality metrics (image noise, SNR, and CNR) with no statistically significant differences (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05) compared to fixed tube current and ATCM techniques.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implementation of the ODM technique resulted in significant eye lens dose reduction (4.28%\u201347.97%) across head, PNS, and C\u2010spine CT examinations with no significant differences in image noise, SNR, and CNR compared to both fixed tube current and ATCM techniques. ODM demonstrates potential as a practical dose optimization strategy for routine emergency head and neck CT imaging. Further studies with subjective image quality assessment are recommended to evaluate clinical diagnostic acceptability in hospital settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T02:29:46Z","timestamp":1770690586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reduction of radiation dose to the eye lens during common CT examinations of the head, paranasal sinus, and cervical spine in emergency settings: A phantom study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9495-9057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sowitchaya","family":"Huakham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Thammasat University  Pathumthani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wirachad","family":"Sripoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Thammasat University  Pathumthani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raksumon","family":"Suksi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Thammasat University  Pathumthani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thawatchai","family":"Thaikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital Thai Red Cross Society  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3247-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanyawee","family":"Pengpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Naresuan University  Mueang Phitsanulok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"After a dramatic rise the average u.s. medical radiation doses now are decreasing. 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