{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:53:59Z","timestamp":1791986039344,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12275357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12275357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2411600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2411600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is important to guide staff in choosing appropriately between photon and proton radiotherapy. This study develops an automatic decision method to select the most clinically beneficial radiotherapy technique (proton or photon) for patients with prostate cancer. An automatic decision method was developed to help staff in choosing appropriately between photon and proton radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty\u2010eight patients with prostate cancer were enrolled. First, photon and proton dose prediction models (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ph<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>pr<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were trained using reference plans from previous patients\u2019 data. Second, the predicted values of\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>6300cGy<\/jats:sub>\n                      (rectum wall) were obtained using the trained models,\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ph<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>pr<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and these values were used to calculate the Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP). Finally, if the photon NTCP exceeded 10%, the proton NTCP was calculated, and the difference (\u0394NTCP) between the two was used to guide treatment selection. The accuracy of the decision support system was evaluated by comparing dose distributions, NTCPs, and decision outcomes between manual and automatic plans using paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The deep learning (DL) model showed a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.60\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.80 for the rectum wall in the photon group and 3.64\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.27 in the proton group. There was no statistically significant difference in\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>6300cGy<\/jats:sub>\n                      (rectum wall) between manual plans and model predictions (photon group\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.594, proton group\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.057). Similarly, no significant differences were observed in NTCP values for the rectum wall (photon group\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.383, proton group\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.100). The system correctly predicted the treatment modality in 45 of 48 cases, resulting in an accuracy rate of 93.75%, with AUC values for the decision method at 0.88.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed automatic decision method matches dose distributions, accurately calculates NTCPs, and supports precise radiotherapy technique selection, enhancing the clinical efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T09:19:12Z","timestamp":1771406352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developing an automatic decision\u2010assistance tool to choose proton\/photon radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Mengyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing 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