{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:38:42Z","timestamp":1783708722203,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four\u2010dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is susceptible to a geometrical error when respiration changes upon patient shift. 4DCT using 16\u2010cm detector arrays, not needing the shift, has been shown to improve geometrical accuracy, compared with a conventional 4DCT (4\u2010cm array), albeit with some Hounsfield unit discrepancies. The 4DCTs were validated for 4D planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A lung\u2010mimicking phantom containing a spherical target with ten respiratory traces and three tumor\u2010shaped targets with their traces was respectively imaged when, to each of the ten\u2010positions\/phases, the lung was moved (1) step\u2010wisely by helical scan at each movement (ground truth; 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>GT<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), (2) continuously by 4D scan with 16\u00a0cm detectors (4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and (3) similarly with 4\u00a0cm detectors (4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Respiratory irregularities affected 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      only due to shifts. Treatment plans included volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity\u2010modulated proton therapy (IMPT) on averaged CT images from 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub>\n                      and 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      . IMPT was targeted to internal gross target volumes (iGTVs) with density overrides (1.0\u00a0g\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), while VMAT to iGTVs+3\u00a0mm, with the objective\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>prescribed dose(PD)<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2265 95%. The plans were recalculated on each phase image of 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>GT<\/jats:sub>\n                      and those of 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub>\n                      were additionally calculated on its phase images. The calculated doses were registered to the maximum\u2010exhale image, and summed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      (1) 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub>\n                      : IMPT plans met the objective, despite under\u2010coverages in certain phase images, achieving 98.95\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.09% and 98.27% in averaged\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>PD<\/jats:sub>\n                      for the spherical and tumor targets, respectively. VMAT plans showed 97.26\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.60% and 94.41% for the respective targets. (2) 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      : IMPT plans did not meet the objective with 93.83\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.29% and 97.38% for them. VMAT plans yielded 93.20\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.81% and 91.17% for them. (3) 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub>\n                      versus 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>GT<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 4D doses based on 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub>\n                      matched those on 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>GT<\/jats:sub>\n                      with 62.76\u00a0Gy versus 62.76\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.19\u00a0Gy for IMPT plans and 63.79\u00a0Gy versus 63.90\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.28\u00a0Gy for VMAT plans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 4DCT\n                      <jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub>\n                      demonstrated accurate and reliable imaging of a lung tumor in 4D dose by IMPT plans. However, it could be affected by phase\u2010sorting uncertainty.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:20:12Z","timestamp":1775017212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Computed tomography for four\u2010dimensional dose calculation: Effect of detector array length"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6915-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inhwan","family":"Yeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Radiation and Proton Therapy  Fairfax Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.11.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.07.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4954317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4799941"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2007.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/51\/11\/006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.246045065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/53\/16\/007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360\u20103016(02)02803\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3553556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3432615"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i2.4949"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2717404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v7i1.2198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4704498"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3690466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20160406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1754\u20109485.12326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860600907345"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.106.037846"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acm2.70550","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/acm2.70550","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acm2.70550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:09:23Z","timestamp":1783012163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acm2.70550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acm2.70550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.70550","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-9914","1526-9914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-9914","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-9914","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70550"}}