{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T06:45:38Z","timestamp":1782629138082,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023Y4019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Y4019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1247050019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1247050019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of medical electron linear accelerator (linac) rooms using FLUKA, time\u2010consuming modeling and simulation of the accelerator head are typically required, and FLUKA cannot directly read the phase space files (PSF) for accelerator heads provided by the IAEA. To address this, this study aimed to establish and validate the accuracy of a radiation model for an accelerator room within FLUKA using a virtual source, thereby enhancing the applicability of FLUKA for the design and evaluation of rooms housing different medical electron linacs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 6 MV photon beam from a Varian 23EX linac was modeled as consisting of primary photons, scattered photons, and contaminant electrons. Their energy spectra and spatial distributions were represented by mathematical formulas. Python code was used to sample particle information (type, position, direction, energy, weight) from this mathematically defined virtual source, generating a FLUKA\u2010readable PSF. A room radiation model was then established in FLUKA. Its accuracy was validated by comparing simulated and measured percentage depth dose (PDD) and off\u2010axis ratios (OAR) in a water tank, as well as comparing simulated and measured dose equivalent rates at selected points inside the accelerator room.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The\u00a0deviation\u00a0between simulated and measured PDD was within 1%, and that for the OAR was within 2%. At gantry angles of 0\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 (with the head oriented toward the maze inner entrance), the simulated dose\u2010equivalent rates at the points of interest inside the treatment room closely agreed with the measured values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The phase\u2010space file sampled from the virtual source can faithfully reproduce the beam characteristics in FLUKA. The agreement between simulation and measurement at the points of interest demonstrates that the room radiation model established in FLUKA using the virtual source accurately reflects the actual radiation field in the treatment room. This approach replaces the need for simulating the accelerator head model and improves the efficiency of using FLUKA for radiation protection studies on rooms equipped with different medical electron linear accelerators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T02:25:21Z","timestamp":1781231121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishment and validation of a FLUKA radiation model for a medical electron linear accelerator room based on a virtual source"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuqing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huashan","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manteia Data Technology Co., Ltd  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qichao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manteia Data Technology Co., Ltd  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senxing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Center for Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases and Chemical Poisoning  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Infrastructure of radiation oncology in China: a national survey for development and allocation of radiotherapy equipment during the 14 th Five\u2010Year Plan period","volume":"31","author":"Qiu J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Megavoltage X\u2010 and Gamma\u2010Ray Radiotherapy Facilities","author":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Radiation Shielding Requirements in Rooms of Radiotherapy Installations. 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