{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T06:45:38Z","timestamp":1782629138270,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62571232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62571232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In post\u2010mastectomy radiotherapy, tissue\u2010equivalent bolus is routinely used to ensure adequate skin dose. However, achieving perfect contact on curved chest walls is challenging, often resulting in non\u2010uniform air gaps. With the increasing adoption of Flattening Filter\u2010Free (FFF) beams, it is crucial to understand how their distinct physical properties\u2014specifically a softer energy spectrum\u2014respond to these low\u2010density gaps compared to Flattening Filter (FF) beams. Additionally, the accuracy of clinical dose calculation algorithms in these electronic disequilibrium regions remains a subject of concern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to quantify the impact of non\u2010uniform air gaps on skin dose distribution, evaluate the accuracy of Collapsed Cone Convolution (CCC) versus GPU\u2010accelerated Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms in complex geometries, and determine the specific dosimetric thresholds for selecting FF or FFF beam modes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cylindrical curved phantom (25\u00a0cm diameter) was constructed to simulate chest wall anatomy. Four interchangeable modules were designed to create controlled fit conditions: perfect fit, gradient gap (0\u20136\u00a0mm), and uniform gaps (3 and 6\u00a0mm). Skin dose measurements were performed using EBT3 films and MOSFET detectors. Dose calculations were conducted in the United Imaging uRT\u2010TPS using 6 MV FF and FFF beams at gantry angles of 0\u00b0, 30\u00b0, and 60\u00b0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of gradient gaps substantially increased skin dose inhomogeneity, yielding a heterogeneity index of 0.28 for the FFF beam. The MC algorithm demonstrated high accuracy, agreeing with film measurements within 0.5%. In contrast, the CCC algorithm exhibited systematic underestimation in gap regions, with a mean error of \u22126.8% and a maximum deviation of \u221216.5%. Physically, the FFF beam (mean energy 1.23 MeV) was found to be more sensitive to air gaps than the FF beam (1.93 MeV) due to reduced lateral electron scatter. The FFF\/FF dose ratio decreased linearly with increasing gap thickness (slope: \u22122.1%\/mm). A clinical threshold was identified at approximately 2.3\u00a0mm; beyond this gap thickness, the FF beam exhibited superior dosimetric robustness. Furthermore, oblique incidence at 60\u00b0 reduced the mean skin dose by approximately 9% compared to perpendicular incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non\u2010uniform air gaps significantly degrade skin dose uniformity, with FFF beams being more susceptible to this effect than FF beams. The CCC algorithm shows limitations in these complex interface geometries, whereas the MC algorithm provides a reliable verification tool. Clinically, for regions where air gaps exceed 2.3\u00a0mm, the use of FF mode or optimization of bolus fitting is recommended to ensure adequate target coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:15:56Z","timestamp":1780913756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dosimetric comparison of FF and FFF modes under non\u2010ideal bolus\u2010fitting conditions for post\u2010mastectomy chest wall irradiations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Long\u2010Gang","family":"Gui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Radiotherapy Center Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Yangzhou  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Poo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jmp.jmp_59_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-024-02456-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"S38","article-title":"The Use of bolus in postmastectomy radiation therapy for breast cancer: a systematic review","volume":"163","author":"Hannah D","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.9.2973"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"AAPM Therapy Physics Committee Task Group No. 71.Monitor unit calculations for external photon and electron beams: report of the AAPM therapy physics committee task group No. 71. 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