{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:02:15Z","timestamp":1789700535056,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A common method to estimate the effective dose in CT is to multiply the dose length product in a CT scan by a conversion factor (k). The k\u2010factors are determined by dividing the effective dose (calculated using a weighted summation of organ doses) by the dose length product (DLP) for specific digital phantoms. The k\u2010factors determined in this way may vary substantially depending on the effective dose calculation methods and phantom models used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to estimate variation associated with different acquisition and patient characteristics in the quantification of k\u2010factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>K\u2010factors were calculated using VirtualDoseCT for a diverse set of computational phantoms representing different patient models, scanner models, and seven CT exams. The tube potential varied from 80 to 120\u00a0kV. The scan length was varied by\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0cm relative to the default setting. The CTDIvol was set to 10 mGy when tube current modulation was not used; otherwise, the software default was used. A multivariable regression method was employed to derive an empirical formula for k\u2010factors, along with model\u2010uncertainty analysis and Sobol's sensitivity analysis to identify the influence of each variable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>K\u2010factors for all exams increased with kV. Negative dependence of k\u2010factors on BMI was observed, with lower values in males than in females. Moderate to high variation was observed in the quantification of k\u2010factors without TCM, which remained unchanged with TCM. Based on Sobol's indices (0.8\u20131), k\u2010factors were influenced most by scan length and patient size for adults, and scan length and age for pediatric phantoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study showed that a large spread in k\u2010factors was predominantly influenced by scan length, patient size and age. The heterogeneity in k\u2010factors may lead to large heterogeneity in the effective dose estimate if the DLP\u00d7k method is used. These results indicate that age and size specific k\u2010factors to estimate effective dose from DLP may be warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A set of k\u2010factors should be established to account for these factors and improve effective dose estimations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:56:26Z","timestamp":1788152186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying variation in DLP\u2010 to\u2010 effective\u2010dose conversion factors in CT using a Monte Carlo\u2010based dose\u2010estimation software"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1608-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena M.","family":"Mihailovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Missouri Health Care  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renxin","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology UVA Health University Hospital  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1806-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology UC Davis Health  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7428-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.25.34450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201056516\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.4179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/43.1\u20104.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032542"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/60\/14\/5601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"Stamm: CT\u2010expo\u2013a novel program for dose evaluation in CT\u2014Google Scholar. 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