{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:01:55Z","timestamp":1789740115185,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID 2021\u2013123390OB\u2010C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2021\u2013123390OB\u2010C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID 2021\u2013123390OB\u2010C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2021\u2013123390OB\u2010C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n 3D\u2010printing enables the production of anthropomorphic breast phantoms for assessing image quality in digital mammography (DM) and breast tomosynthesis (DBT). 3D\u2010printing materials must be selected carefully to mimic breast tissue attenuation for clinical spectra.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n This study investigates the impact on the effective X\u2010ray attenuation coefficient (\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n ) of polymer formulation and dopants (e.g., colorants) used in 3D\u2010printing materials. It also analyses the impact on their equivalent glandular ratios (\n BR<\/jats:italic>\n ) relative to commercial materials (CIRS).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Five base polymers (PLA, ABS, PETG, HIPS, RESIN) were selected among the catalogue of five manufacturers. A collection of nineteen variants (base polymer + color) was 3D\u2010printed as step\u2010wedges with thicknesses (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n ) from 0.5 to 5.5\u00a0cm and imaged on a clinical mammography system (DM: W\/Rh with the anti\u2010scatter grid, DBT: W\/Al without grid, at 27, 29 and 31 kVp). The\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n (t)\n <\/jats:italic>\n values were derived from the mean pixel value measured at each step of the logarithmically transformed images. As reference,\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n values were measured for the CIRS materials with well\u2010known\n BR<\/jats:italic>\n . A two\u2010parameter empirical model was used to fit the values as:\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n (t)\u00a0=\u00a0\u00b5\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n \/(1+kt)\n <\/jats:italic>\n , where\n \n \u00b5\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n corresponds to\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n at thickness tending to zero, and\n k<\/jats:italic>\n is the decrease rate with thickness due to beam hardening and scatter. The impact of dopants on polymer attenuation was evaluated by analyzing both\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n \n \u00b5\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n values. Based on\n \n \u00b5\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013BR\n <\/jats:italic>\n relationships of CIRS materials, the corresponding\n BR<\/jats:italic>\n values were computed for the investigated materials.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n For all acquisition conditions, some color variants of 3D\u2010printed materials with the same base polymer exhibit noticeable differences in\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , independently of the thickness, particularly for DM. For this modality, the maximum differences within\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n values of materials sharing polymer base decreased by 62% for PLA\u2010based, 44% for PETG\u2010based and 30% for ABS\u2010based materials, when the thickness increases from 1.5 to 5.5\u00a0cm. For DBT, a lower variability of\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n values was observed. The materials best mimicking purely glandular and adipose tissues were selected based on\n \n \u00b5\n eff<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n ,\n \n \u00b5\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n BR<\/jats:italic>\n results. Specifically, relative differences in\n \n \u00b5\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n (averaged across kVp), reported as paired values (DM, DBT) were: (\u22123%, +1%) and (\u22121%, +4%) for PLA crystal silver and PLA blue versus CIRS with\n BR\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\u00a0100% (glandular tissue); (+3%, +1%) for ABS white versus CIRS with\n BR\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\u00a00% (adipose tissue). According to the\n BR<\/jats:italic>\n values derived for all acquisition conditions, PLA blue and PLA crystal silver mimicked glandular tissue (\n BR<\/jats:italic>\n : 101%\u2013109%, 95%\u2013100%, respectively), while ABS white mimicked adipose tissue (\n BR<\/jats:italic>\n : \u22122% to 8%). PETG translucent blue and RESIN corresponded to intermediate glandular ratios (\n BR<\/jats:italic>\n \u2248 50%\u201370%).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n 3D\u2010printed materials sharing the same polymer base can exhibit substantially different attenuation for DM\/DBT spectra, resulting in different\n BR<\/jats:italic>\n equivalences due to formulation variations (e.g., pigments and dopants). Therefore, phantom developers should not rely solely on base polymer designations and declared density when selecting materials for production of breast phantoms; instead, the attenuation of each specific formulation needs to be verified and periodically re\u2010evaluated under the intended mammography conditions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:52:17Z","timestamp":1786020737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of dopants on X\u2011ray attenuation of 3D\u2011printed polymers for mammography and tomosynthesis spectra"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3416-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Belarra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics, Radiology and Rehabilitation Department, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010Gir\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics University College Dublin (UCD) Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Castillo\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics, Radiology and Rehabilitation Department, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Homolka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics, Radiology and Rehabilitation Department, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2022.110715"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2213010334"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16600"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.01.05"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jmi.6.2.021604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2022.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033819870208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18070851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201018741\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11030202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742\u20106596\/733\/1\/012088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2021.109365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/aad315"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15392\/bjrs.v10i1.1732"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/ac8966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1719551"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Tissue equivalent materials for medical imaging phantoms: Technical data sheet","author":"CIRS Inc","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acm2.70739","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/acm2.70739","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acm2.70739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:06:50Z","timestamp":1789736810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acm2.70739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acm2.70739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.70739","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-9914","1526-9914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-9914","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-9914","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70739"}}