{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:02:16Z","timestamp":1789740136355,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low\u2010cost Geiger\u2013M\u00fcller detectors may support clinical radiation monitoring, but their response varies with radiation type and measurement conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate an Arduino\u2010based Geiger\u2013M\u00fcller monitoring system in representative clinical radiation environments and determine whether condition\u2010specific calibration reduces disagreement with a reference survey meter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The system was compared with a reference energy\u2010compensated Geiger\u2013M\u00fcller survey meter (Ludlum Model 3005) under computed tomography scatter, Ir\u2010192 brachytherapy, and 6 MV linear accelerator maze conditions. Calibration coefficients, expressed as counts per minute (CPM) per \u00b5Sv\/h, were estimated using zero\u2010intercept regression, and method agreement was assessed using bias analysis and Bland\u2013Altman plots. Portable deployment and user acceptability were also evaluated. The effective dead time of the counting chain was estimated using the first\u2010order two\u2010source approximation, and the intrinsic photon energy response was characterized using discrete\u2010energy gamma\u2010emitting sources (Co\u201057, Cs\u2010137, and Co\u201060). Calibration\u2010coefficient stability was also assessed at a fixed maze position across nominal dose rates of 100\u2013600 MU\/min to isolate count\u2010rate effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calibration coefficients ranged from 124 to 133 for computed tomography scatter, 99 to 179 for Ir\u2010192, and 145 to 233 for the 6 MV linear accelerator maze, demonstrating marked condition dependence. Applying condition\u2010specific calibration reduced systematic bias within the evaluated environments. The effective dead time was approximately 258 \u00b5s, and the detector showed greater response per unit dose at lower photon energies, consistent with the known energy dependence of uncompensated Geiger\u2013M\u00fcller tubes and providing a plausible explanation for the condition\u2010dependent calibration coefficients. At a fixed maze position, the calibration coefficient varied little across nominal dose rates of 100\u2013600 MU\/min (coefficient of variation, 3.04%), with no evidence that count\u2010rate dependence dominated within this range. In the linear accelerator maze, mean bias approached zero after distance\u2010specific calibration, whereas the limits of agreement widened with increasing distance. Among 27 respondents, intention for continued use was more strongly associated with perceived stability and lower perceived risk than with numerical agreement alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With condition\u2010specific calibration, the low\u2010cost monitoring system showed low mean bias relative to the reference instrument in the evaluated low\u2010to\u2010moderate dose\u2010rate clinical environments. These findings support further evaluation of the system as a supplementary tool for routine radiation monitoring and safety checks under comparable clinical conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:22:07Z","timestamp":1786681327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of a low\u2010cost Geiger\u2013M\u00fcller monitoring system for clinical radiation environments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jungsam","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chai Hong","family":"Rim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Environmental Science Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3190392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2011.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency.Radiation Protection and Safety in Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation.IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG\u201046.International Atomic Energy Agency;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470\u20102045(15)00222\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency.Calibration of Radiation Protection Monitoring Instruments.IAEA Safety Reports Series No. 16.International Atomic Energy Agency;2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Radiation Detection and Measurement","author":"Knoll GF","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry","author":"Attix FH","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Model 3005 Digital Survey Meter with Internal Detector: Product Manual","author":"Ludlum Measurements Inc","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2024.107065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106498\/ac0c00"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2272734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Getting Started With Arduino: The Open Source Electronics Prototyping Platform","author":"Banzi M","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172\u2010025\u201000540\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108358"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission.IEC 60846\u20101:2009: Radiation protection instrumentation\u2014ambient and\/or directional dose equivalent (rate) meters and\/or monitors for beta X and gamma radiation\u2014part 1: portable workplace and environmental meters and monitors.International Electrotechnical Commission;2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2008.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0011.6007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"HubbellJH SeltzerSM.Tables of x\u2010ray mass attenuation coefficients and mass energy\u2010absorption coefficients. version 1.4. 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