{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:02:31Z","timestamp":1789700551467,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conventional extended\u2010distance total body irradiation (TBI) is commonly verified using point dosimeters, which provide limited spatial information and require additional handling during a prolonged treatment procedure. A portable charge\u2010coupled device (CCD)\u2010based electronic portal imaging device (EPID) positioned downstream of the patient may provide wider\u2010area transit information in a geometry in which a gantry\u2010mounted EPID cannot readily be used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and perform preclinical phantom validation of a CCD\u2010EPID method for transit dose estimation during fixed\u2010field long\u2010SSD TBI and to identify the calibration and normalization factors relevant to subsequent patient validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A portable CCD\u2010based EPID was positioned at 400\u00a0cm, with water\u2010equivalent or anthropomorphic phantoms centered at 350\u00a0cm. Direct\u2010irradiation characteristics were evaluated for 4\u2010 and 10\u2010MV photon beams, including signal response to dose\u2010rate\/delivered MU, field size, short\u2010term frame reproducibility, and in\u2010plane response. For ETD calibration, 6\u201336\u2010cm\u2010thick water\u2010equivalent phantoms were irradiated with 10\u2010MV photons using 1000 MU at 600 MU\/min and a 10 \u00d7 10\u00a0cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      jaw setting at isocenter, corresponding to approximately 35 \u00d7 35\u00a0cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      at the phantom and 40 \u00d7 40\u00a0cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      at the EPID. Summed EPID signals were related to midplane absorbed dose measured using a Farmer\u2010type ionization chamber. ETD was independently compared with radiophotoluminescent dosimeters (RPLDs) in 12\u2010, 24\u2010, and 36\u2010cm slab phantoms and at 11 locations in a RANDO phantom. Four separate RANDO irradiations were centered on the head, chest, abdomen, and pelvis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 10\u2010MV EPID signal was highly linear with dose rate\/delivered MU (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.999) and field size (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.995). Flatness was 1.4% and 1.3%, and symmetry was\u00a0.3% and 1.4%, in the ceiling\u2010floor and gun\u2010target directions, respectively. The summed EPID signal\u2010to\u2010ionization\u2010chamber dose relationship showed\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.999. ETD differed from RPLD dose by \u22121.6%, \u22121.4%, and\u00a0.0% in the 12\u2010, 24\u2010, and 36\u2010cm slab phantoms, respectively, within the expanded RPLD uncertainty. In the RANDO phantom, ETD was consistently higher than RPLD dose, with a mean relative difference of 7.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.9%. Because calibration and RANDO verification used the same field size and the detector showed high dose\/MU linearity, a field\u2010size mismatch or gross signal nonlinearity is unlikely to be the dominant explanation. Heterogeneous attenuation and scatter, local path\u2010length\/ROI correspondence, and session\u2010dependent CCD sensitivity are plausible contributors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This preclinical phantom study demonstrates the feasibility of wide\u2010area CCD\u2010EPID transit\u2010dose estimation for conventional long\u2010SSD TBI. Agreement in homogeneous phantoms supports the calibration approach, while the positive RANDO bias identifies the need for same\u2010day sensitivity normalization and further validation in repeated anthropomorphic, heterogeneous, lung\u2010shielded, and full\u2010clinical\u2010field conditions before patient application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:46:28Z","timestamp":1789526788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preclinical feasibility of EPID\u2010based transit dosimetry for total body irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Tetsu","family":"Nakaichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Kon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tokyo Medical Center National Hospital Organization  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Takaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ako","family":"Aikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahito","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science Tokyo Metropolitan University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomonori","family":"Goka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Igaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology National Cancer Center Hospital  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rry017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20103026(15)00147\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28768"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.07.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrz028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2020.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595677"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167\u20108140(95)01697\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.10.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2044428"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v13i1.3653"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014\u2010016\u20100625\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0b013e31826e0528"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"Van DykJ GalvinJM GlasgowGP et\u00a0al.AAPM report no. 17: the physical aspects of total and half body photon irradiation. 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