{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:40:48Z","timestamp":1792402848810,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA266673"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA266673"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beam diagnostic systems are essential for the development and quality assurance of ultra\u2010high dose rate (UHDR) radiation sources to enable reliable delivery of FLASH radiotherapy (RT). Critically, suitable beam diagnostic systems for electron FLASH sources are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we evaluated a Faraday cup\u2013style beam collector (BC), the BC\u2010145\u2010Al, on an UHDR electron linac for FLASH\u2010RT applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The BC performance was benchmarked against a reference alternating\u2010current current transformer (ACCT) across a wide range of beam currents and pulse structures to test the BC's charge linearity and signal resolution capabilities. Two termination impedances were tested: 200 k\u03a9 and 13 \u03a9.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The highly time\u2010resolved signal of the BC was charge\u2010proportional when terminated at 200 k\u03a9 and current\u2010proportional when terminated at 13 \u03a9, agreeing well with the time\u2010resolved ACCT signal. The cumulative signals from the BC and ACCT showed excellent agreement, maintaining linearity with a deviation of less than\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.5% over 50 consecutive pulses (4\u2010\u00b5s pulse width, 120\u2010Hz pulse repetition frequency [PRF]). The BC\/ACCT signal ratio remained stable within\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.5% as the PRF increased from 5 to 120\u00a0Hz at constant pulse width. Pulse width measurements from both detectors were also consistent within\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.5% across all nominal pulse width values (0.5\u20134 \u00b5s). When the charge per pulse was modulated by either increasing the pulse width or decreasing the source\u2010to\u2010surface distance (from 32.3 to 19.3\u00a0cm), the BC signal remained approximately linear with respect to the ACCT signal; however, the BC\/ACCT ratio deviated by up to\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06% across this range.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The BC produced highly time\u2010resolved absolute charge measurements of a pulsed UHDR electron beam across a large range of beam parameters. These results support its potential as a beam diagnostic system for both preclinical studies and clinical applications of electron FLASH radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:13:00Z","timestamp":1790313180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of a Faraday cup\u2010style detector as a beam diagnostic system for ultra\u2010high dose rate (FLASH) electron beams"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alan","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Baikalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology School of Medicine and Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen GmbH German Research Center for Environmental Health  Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolan","family":"Esplen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bartzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology School of Medicine and Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen GmbH German Research Center for Environmental Health  Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Sch\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15442"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37549\/ARO1280"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00328"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MusolinoSV Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: an international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water; 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