{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:40:42Z","timestamp":1792402842521,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102025\u201024523056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102025\u201024523056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000354381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000354381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and evaluate a water\u2010profile\u2010based (WP) calibration method for two\u2010dimensional (2D) ionization chamber arrays used in medical linear accelerator (linac) quality assurance (QA), and to compare its accuracy, efficiency, and cross\u2010energy applicability with the manufacturer\u2010provided wide\u2010field (WF) calibration method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Beam profiles were measured using an IC Profiler (ICP) and a 3D water scanner on three TrueBeam linacs (TB1\u2013TB3) at five photon energies (4, 6, 10 MV flattened; 6, 10 MV flattening\u2010filter\u2010free [FFF]) with a 20 \u00d7 20\u00a0cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      field size at a depth of 10\u00a0cm. A total of 240 profiles were acquired across eight independent measurement sessions. The WP method derived adjusted calibration factors (ACFs) by directly matching ICP detector responses to water\u2010scanner reference profiles, and was evaluated under three strategies: (i) machine\u2010specific (single linac reference), (ii) machine\u2010integrated (reference pooled across three linacs), and (iii) cross\u2010energy applicability across 20 inter\u2010energy combinations. Performance metrics included per\u2010detector relative differences (mean absolute error [MAE] and standard deviation [SD]) and beam profile characterization (symmetry and flatness). Paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a030) compared the machine\u2010integrated WP method with the WF method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The WF method yielded a per\u2010detector MAE of 0.31%, with symmetry and flatness MAEs of 0.49% and 0.44%, respectively. The WP method significantly reduced these uncertainties to 0.15\u20130.16% (per\u2010detector), 0.21\u20130.27% (symmetry), and 0.27\u20130.28% (flatness), with medium\u2010to\u2010large effect sizes (Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.55\u20130.99; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Cross\u2010energy application of WP\u2010derived ACFs yielded a per\u2010detector MAE of 0.25%, higher than that of energy\u2010specific WP calibration but lower than that of the WF method in this dataset. Total calibration time decreased from approximately 75\u00a0min (WF) to 10\u201315\u00a0min (WP).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For the tested 20 \u00d7 20\u00a0cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      field on TrueBeam linacs with a CC13\/Blue Phantom2 water\u2010scanner reference, the proposed WP calibration method provided closer agreement with the water\u2010scanner reference and a substantially shorter calibration time than the manufacturerprovided WF method. Machine\u2010integrated calibration is recommended for routine multi\u2010linac implementation, while energy\u2010specific ACFs should be used whenever feasible to maximize accuracy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:23:20Z","timestamp":1790400200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and evaluation of a water\u2010profile\u2010based calibration method for 2D ionization chamber arrays in medical linear accelerator quality assurance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3236-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kihong","family":"Pak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Asan Medical Center  Songpa\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung\u2010woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Asan Medical Center  Songpa\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byungchul","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine  Songpa\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7982-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungwon","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Asan Medical Center  Songpa\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonghoon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Asan Medical Center  Songpa\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeongyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Asan Medical Center  Songpa\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Asan Medical Center  Songpa\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonghan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Asan Medical Center  Songpa\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si Yeol","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation 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Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5558-2456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiyoung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Asan Medical Center  Songpa\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12315"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Use of a commercial ion chamber detector array for the measurement of high spatial\u2010resolution photon beam profiles","volume":"19","author":"Karimnia V","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med 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