{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:53:29Z","timestamp":1791266009316,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To obtain better elemental compositions (ECs), physical densities (PDs), and relative linear stopping powers (RLSPs) of tissues scanned by single or dual energy computed tomography for use by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of light ion beam therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and materials<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RLSPs of 12 animal tissue samples were measured using several different energy proton and carbon ion beams. The EC of each sample was analyzed using the following modern laboratory techniques: Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP\u2010OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP\u2010MS), organic elemental analysis (OEA), and ion chromatography (IC). RLSPs were calculated from both measured ECs and literature ECs and then compared with measured RLSPs. All samples underwent single\u2010energy CT (SECT) and dual\u2010energy CT (DECT) scanning after which a dual\u2010energy index (DEI) was derived.\u00a0A mapping from computed tomography number (CTN) and DEI to PD was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For each tissue sample, the measured RLSPs showed no significant dependence on beam energy or ion species, with all values agreeing to within\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01% except for lung (within\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02%). RLSPs directly measured and those calculated using measured PDs and ECs agreed within\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02% except for lung. Measured RLSPs were slightly closer to values from laboratory\u2010determined ECs than to literature ECs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RLSP measurements were independent of beam energy and ion species. The main determinants of accurate CTN to RLSP conversion are the PDs and fractional hydrogen content of the tissues.\u00a0The accuracy of PD and EC for input into Monte Carlo transport calculations can be improved by combining DEI and scaled CTN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:09:39Z","timestamp":1791263379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of animal tissues for Monte Carlo simulations in ion beam therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Xiaoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Moyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"MoyersMF TothT SadagopanR et\u00a0al.Physical uncertainties in the planning and delivery of light ion beam treatments. 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