{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:48:23Z","timestamp":1792756103319,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI)\u2010based diagnostic algorithms have achieved ambitious aims through automated image pattern recognition. For neurological disorders, this includes neurodegeneration and inflammation. Scalable imaging technology for big data in neurology is optical coherence tomography (OCT). We highlight that OCT changes observed in the retina, as a window to the brain, are small, requiring rigorous quality control pipelines. There are existing tools for this purpose. Firstly, there are human\u2010led validated consensus quality control criteria (OSCAR\u2010IB) for OCT. Secondly, these criteria are embedded into OCT reporting guidelines (APOSTEL). The use of the described annotation of failed OCT scans advances machine learning. This is illustrated through the present review of the advantages and disadvantages of AI\u2010based applications to OCT data. The neurological conditions reviewed here for the use of big data include Alzheimer disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson disease, and epilepsy. It is noted that while big data is relevant for AI, ownership is complex. For this reason, we also reached out to involve representatives from patient organizations and the public domain in addition to clinical and research centers. The evidence reviewed can be grouped in a five\u2010point expansion of the OSCAR\u2010IB criteria to embrace AI (OSCAR\u2010AI). The review concludes by specific recommendations on how this can be achieved practically and in compliance with existing guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T11:41:44Z","timestamp":1621424504000},"page":"1528-1542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Artificial intelligence extension of the OSCAR\u2010IB criteria"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0344-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Petzold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital City Road, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Queen Square UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London UK"},{"name":"Neuro\u2010ophthalmology Expert Center Amsterdam UMC The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7987-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Medical Faculty Heinrich\u2010Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Balcer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology Population Health and Ophthalmology NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Bekkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMLAB Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9768-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander U.","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7776-6472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Calabresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orla Galvin","family":"Deborah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina International Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1539-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences UC San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pearse A","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital City Road, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Queen Square UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny A.","family":"Nij Bijvank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro\u2010ophthalmology Expert Center Amsterdam UMC The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josemir W.","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR UCL Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London UK"},{"name":"Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy Chalfont St Peter UK"},{"name":"Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) Heemstede The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedemann","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv","family":"Saidha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8735-6119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Villoslada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacion Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (DIBAPS) and Hospital Clinic University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4915-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegfried K","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital City Road, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Queen Square UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Ann","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology Department of Pediatrics Hospital for Sick Children Division of Neurosciences and Mental Health SickKids Research Institute University of Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the IMSVISUAL, ERN\u2010EYE Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_29_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0107-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034823"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70168-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30278-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30123-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917130"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514538110"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002774"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_13_1","article-title":"Expression of concern: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID\u201019: a multinational registry analysis","author":"Editors TL","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007621"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2012.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716614"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048222"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137316"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034891"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181523"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12146"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.46"},{"issue":"123","key":"e_1_2_29_23_1","first-page":"281","article-title":"Retinal involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a study with optical coherence tomography and diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"2016","author":"H\u00fcbers A","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29187"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2017-000079"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22266"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2015.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31645-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MarinescuRV OxtobyNP YoungAL et\u00a0al.TADPOLE Challenge: Accurate Alzheimer's disease prediction through crowdsourced forecasting of future data Predictive intelligence in medicine : second International Workshop. PRIME 2019 held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2019 Shenzhen China October 13 2019 Proceedings. PRIME (Workshop) (2nd : 2019 : Shenzhen Shi China)2019;11843:1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32281-6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2020.3008792"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-00705-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa160"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-0593-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309955"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cer.12.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00247-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1123-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.2.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020192536"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_40_1","unstructured":"Information Commissioner\u2019s Office.Anonymisation: managing data protection risk code of practice.https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/media\/1061\/anonymisation\u2010code.pdf. Accessed December 31 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_29_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-11-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-0186-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_43_1","unstructured":"LewisP ConnD PeggD. (2020).UK government using confidential patient data in coronavirus \"Response."},{"key":"e_1_2_29_44_1","article-title":"Retinal asymmetry in multiple sclerosis","author":"Petzold A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30132-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3750"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta18280"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1923"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0603-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.0330"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30124-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16961"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/531284a"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25839"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15154"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6175-3_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2013-002627"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0335-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30011-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_62_1","volume-title":"Machine Learning for Clinical Decision\u2010Making: Challenges and Opportunities","author":"Sanchez\u2010Martinez S","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000022"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.2.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz221"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr324"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2019.1599027"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp001"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3358-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws098"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70213-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_72_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microcystic inner nuclear layer abnormalities and neuromyelitis optica","author":"Gelfand JM","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww219"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217319871582"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12912"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000545"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws216"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.26.5.402"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa049"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.4.5.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20092-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_83_1","article-title":"Objective quantification of vitreous haze on optical coherence tomography scans: no evidence for relationship between uveitis and inflammation in multiple sclerosis","author":"Coric D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036965"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8532-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001832"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000585"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.004181"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000805"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00171.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517750009"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519845116"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1565892"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.604049"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13443"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25462"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006873"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.101988"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009504"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009832"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009840"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_29_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-313980"}],"container-title":["Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acn3.51320","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/acn3.51320","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acn3.51320","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T12:24:41Z","timestamp":1716207881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acn3.51320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acn3.51320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.51320","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-9503","2328-9503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-9503","type":"print"},{"value":"2328-9503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}