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The transition from voluntary to involuntary swallowing is executed within milliseconds. We hypothesized that the underlying neural mechanism of swallowing would be revealed by high\u2010frequency cortical activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight epileptic participants fitted with intracranial electrodes over the orofacial cortex were asked to swallow a water bolus and cortical oscillatory changes, including the high\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      band (75\u2013150\u00a0Hz) and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      band (13\u201330\u00a0Hz), were investigated at the time of mouth opening, water injection, and swallowing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Increases in high\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      power associated with mouth opening were observed in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) with water injection in the lateral central sulcus and with swallowing in the region along the Sylvian fissure. Mouth opening induced a decrease in\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      power, which continued until the completion of swallowing. The high\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      burst of activity was focal and specific to swallowing; however, the\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      activities were extensive and not specific to swallowing. In the interim between voluntary and involuntary swallowing, swallowing\u2010related high\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      power achieved its peak, and subsequently, the power decreased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We demonstrated three distinct activities related to mouth opening, water injection, and swallowing induced at different timings using high\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      activities. The peak of high\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      power related to swallowing suggests that during voluntary swallowing phases, the cortex is the main driving force for swallowing as opposed to the brain stem.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T06:42:58Z","timestamp":1620196978000},"page":"1224-1238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Swallowing\u2010related neural oscillation: an intracranial EEG study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4057-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Yamadaoka 2\u20102 Suita Osaka 565\u20100871 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Otemae Hospital Chuo\u2010ku Otemae 1\u20105\u201034 Osaka Osaka 540\u20100008 Japan"},{"name":"Endowed Research Department of Clinical Neuroengineering Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics Osaka University Yamadaoka 2\u20102 Suita Osaka 565\u20100871 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy The University of Chicago 1027 E 57<sup>th<\/sup> St Chicago IL 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Kameda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Yamadaoka 2\u20102 Suita Osaka 565\u20100871 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