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To this end, we performed a retrospective longitudinal treatment study using comprehensive language\u2010linguistic assessments and diffusion MRI sequences optimized for the assessment of complex microstructure (diffusional kurtosis imaging) to evaluate the relationship between language treatment response and cortical changes in 26 individuals with chronic stroke\u2010induced aphasia. We employed elastic net statistical models controlling for baseline factors including age, sex, and time since the stroke, as well as lesion volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed that improved naming accuracy (Philadelphia Naming Test) was statistically associated with increased post\u2010treatment microstructural integrity in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus. Moreover, increase in microstructural integrity in the left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus was specifically associated with a decrease in semantic paraphasias. This longitudinal relationship between brain tissue integrity and language improvement was not observed in other non\u2010language related brain regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings provide evidence that structural brain changes in the preserved left hemisphere regions are associated with treatment\u2010induced language recovery in aphasia and are part of the mechanisms supporting language and brain injury recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T13:58:41Z","timestamp":1629295121000},"page":"1884-1894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cortical microstructural changes associated with treated aphasia recovery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8483-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen J.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Graduate Studies Neuroscience Institute Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1083-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina","family":"Wilmskoetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology College of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Fridriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie T.","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology College of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorelei P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0053-1082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Basilakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens H.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience College of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Rorden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Bonilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology College of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000221815.64093.8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2020.1759772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-016-1361-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319649"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.02.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Western Aphasia Battery\u2010Revised","author":"Kertesz A","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"The Philadelphia Naming Test: scoring and rationale","volume":"24","author":"Roach A","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. 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