{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:38:20Z","timestamp":1789609100765,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000317","name":"Action Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000381","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001437","name":"Abney Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001437","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical presentation, investigations, management, and disease course in pediatric autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective observational study, from the UK Childhood Neuroinflammatory Disease network, we identified children from six tertiary centers with LE &lt;18\u2009years old between 2008 and 2021. Clinical and paraclinical data were retrieved from medical records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010five children fulfilling LE criteria were identified, with median age of 11\u2009years (IQR 8, 14) and median follow\u2010up of 24\u2009months (IQR 18, 48). All children presented with seizures; 15\/25 (60%) were admitted to intensive care. Neuroimaging demonstrated asymmetric mesial temporal changes in 8\/25 (32%), and extra\u2010limbic changes with claustrum involvement in 9\/25 (38%). None were positive for LGI1\/CASPR2 antibodies (Abs), 2\/25 were positive for serum anti\u2010NMDAR Abs, and 2\/15 positive for anti\u2010Hu Abs; one died from relapsing neuroblastoma. Two children had serum and CSF anti\u2010GAD antibodies. Initial immune therapy included steroids in 23\/25 (92%), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in 14\/25 (56%), and plasma exchange in 7\/25 (28%). The commonest second\u2010line treatment was rituximab in 15\/25 (60%). Median duration of hospital admission was 21\u2009days (IQR 11, 30). At last follow\u2010up, 13\/25 (52%) had refractory seizures and 16\/25 (64%) had memory impairment. Six children (24%) had modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores \u22653. There was no significant difference in mRS, or long\u2010term cognitive and epilepsy outcomes in those who received rituximab versus those who did not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A diagnosis of autoimmune LE was associated with significant morbidity and adverse outcomes in this pediatric cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T13:35:57Z","timestamp":1641908157000},"page":"67-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clinical features, investigations, and outcomes of pediatric limbic encephalitis: A multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6904-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saraswathy","family":"Sabanathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abdel\u2010Mannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences University College London London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kshitij","family":"Mankad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children 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