{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T17:51:25Z","timestamp":1789235485925,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to objectify and compare persisting self\u2010reported symptoms in initially hospitalized and non\u2010hospitalized patients after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) by applying clinical standardized measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study of adult patients with confirmed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection including medical history, neurological examination, blood markers, neuropsychological testing, patient\u2010reported outcome measures (PROMs), and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty patients with persisting symptoms for at least 4\u2009weeks were included and classified by initial hospitalization status. Median time from SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 detection to investigation was 29.3\u2009weeks (range 3.3\u201357.9). Although individual cognitive performance was generally within the normative range in both groups, mostly mild deficits were found in attention, executive functions, and memory. Hospitalized patients performed worse in global cognition, logical reasoning, and processes of verbal memory. In both groups, fatigue severity was associated with reduced performance in attention and psychomotor speed tasks (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.40,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and reduced quality of life (EQ5D,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.57,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and with more persisting symptoms (median 3 vs. 6,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). PROMs identified fatigue, reduced sleep quality, and increased anxiety and depression in both groups but more pronounced in non\u2010hospitalized patients. Brain MRI revealed microbleeds exclusively in hospitalized patients (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regardless of initial COVID\u201019 severity, an individuals' mental and physical health can be severely impaired in the long\u2010term limitedly objectified by clinical standard diagnostic with abnormalities primarily found in hospitalized patients. This needs to be considered when planning rehabilitation therapies and should give rise to new biomarker research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T01:40:03Z","timestamp":1642729203000},"page":"141-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Long COVID\u201019: Objectifying most self\u2010reported neurological symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Bungenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Humkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hohenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Immanuel","family":"Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ummehan","family":"Ermis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Dreher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine RWTH University Hospital  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels\u2010Ulrik Korbinian","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine RWTH University Hospital  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gernot","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Intensive und Intermediate Care Medicine RWTH University Hospital  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Binkofski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7665-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Finke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Charit\u00e9 \u2010 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8903-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg B.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1999-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9730-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Reetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"COVID\u201019 rapid guideline: managing the long\u2010term effects of COVID\u201019. 18 December 2020.www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng188. 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