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Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined the relationship between corpus callosum size, microstructure and cognitive and motor outcomes at early school\u2010age children cooled for HIE (cases) without cerebral palsy compared to healthy, matched controls. A secondary aim was to examine the impact of HIE\u2010related neonatal brain injury on corpus callosum size, microstructure and growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants aged 6\u20138\u2009years underwent MRI, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition. Cross\u2010sectional area, volume, fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity of the corpus callosum and five subdivisions were measured. Multivariable regression was used to assess associations between total motor score, full\u2010scale IQ (FSIQ) and imaging metrics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adjusting for age, sex and intracranial volume, cases (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a040) compared to controls (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a039) demonstrated reduced whole corpus callosum area (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u221226.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u00a0=\u00a0\u221253.17, \u22120.58), volume (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212138.5, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212267.54, \u22129.56), fractional anisotropy and increased radial diffusivity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) within segments II\u2013V. In cases, segment V area (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.18, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.004, 0.35), volume (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.001, 0.079), whole corpus callosum fractional anisotropy (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a013.8 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.6, 27.1) and radial diffusivity (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u221211.3, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u221222.22, \u22120.42) were associated with FSIQ. Growth of the corpus callosum was restricted in cases with a FSIQ \u226485, and volume was reduced in cases with mild neonatal multifocal injury compared to white matter injury alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following neonatal HIE, morphological and microstructural changes in the corpus callosum are associated with reduced cognitive function at early school age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T18:40:53Z","timestamp":1670524853000},"page":"32-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development of the corpus callosum and cognition after neonatal encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3583-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hollie","family":"Byrne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Imaging Centre University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7869-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur P. C.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Imaging Centre University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Glamorgan Hospital Cwm Taf University Health Board  Abercynon UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1335-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Jary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-9109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Thoresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3335-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan C. 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