{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:06:09Z","timestamp":1791846369663,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021541","name":"Rondoufonds voor Duchenneonderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disorder in which many patients also have neurobehavioral problems. Corticosteroids, the primary pharmacological treatment for DMD, have been shown to affect brain morphology in other conditions, but data in DMD are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the impact of two corticosteroid regimens on brain volumetrics in DMD using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cross\u2010sectional, two\u2010center study, T1\u2010weighted MRI scans were obtained from three age\u2010matched groups (9\u201318\u2009years): DMD patients treated daily with deflazacort (DMDd, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920, scan site: Leuven), DMD patients treated intermittently with prednisone (DMDi, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920, scan site: Leiden), and healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940, both scan sites). FSL was used to perform voxel\u2010based morphometry analyses and to calculate intracranial, total brain, gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid volumes. A MANCOVA was employed to compare global volumetrics between groups, with site as covariate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both patient groups displayed regional differences in gray matter volumes compared to the control group. The DMDd group showed a wider extent of brain regions affected and a greater difference overall. This was substantiated by the global volume quantification: the DMDd group, but not the DMDi group, showed significant differences in gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid volumes compared to the control group, after correction for intracranial volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Volumetric differences in the brain are considered part of the DMD phenotype. This study suggests an additional impact of corticosteroid treatment showing a contrast between pronounced alterations seen in patients receiving daily corticosteroid treatment and more subtle differences in those treated intermittently.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T07:41:54Z","timestamp":1697096514000},"page":"2324-2333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparison of two corticosteroid regimens on brain volumetrics in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4527-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Geuens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neurology University Hospitals Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Van Dessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Center for Developmental Psychiatry UPC\u2010KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanne","family":"Govaarts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.J. 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