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Sulcal pattern features correlate with executive function in adolescents with single\u2010ventricle heart disease and tetralogy of Fallot. However, the interaction of sulcal pattern features with genetic and participant factors in predicting executive dysfunction is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied sulcal pattern features, participant factors, and genetic risk for executive function impairment in a cohort with multiple CHD types using stepwise linear regression and machine learning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic factors, including predicted damaging <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> or rare inherited variants in neurodevelopmental disabilities\u00a0risk genes, apolipoprotein E genotype, and principal components of sulcal pattern features were associated with executive function measures after adjusting for age at testing, sex, mother's education, and biventricular versus single\u2010ventricle CHD in a linear regression model. Using regression trees and bootstrap validation, younger participant age and larger alterations in sulcal pattern features were consistently identified as important predictors of decreased cognitive flexibility with left hemisphere graph topology often selected as the most important predictor. Inclusion of both sulcal pattern and genetic factors improved model fit compared to either alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that sulcal measures remain important predictors of cognitive flexibility, and the model predicting executive outcomes is improved by inclusion of potential genetic sources of neurodevelopmental risk. If confirmed, measures of sulcal patterning may serve as early imaging biomarkers to identify those at heightened risk for future neurodevelopmental disabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T22:55:36Z","timestamp":1701125736000},"page":"278-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Association of genetic and sulcal traits with executive function in congenital heart disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"Maleyeff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Harvard T.H. 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