{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:22:33Z","timestamp":1787671353286,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JJ30861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To delineate the clinical characteristics of antibody\u2010negative autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and to investigate factors associated with long\u2010term outcomes among antibody\u2010negative AE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients diagnosed with antibody\u2010negative AE were recruited from January 2016 to December 2022 at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The study assessed the long\u2010term outcomes of antibody\u2010negative AE using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and the Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE). Predictors influencing long\u2010term outcomes were subsequently analyzed. External validation of RAPID scores (refractory status epilepticus [RSE], age of onset \u226560\u2009years, ANPRA [antibody\u2010negative probable autoimmune encephalitis], infratentorial involvement, and delay of immunotherapy \u22651\u2009month) was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 100 (47 females and 53 males) antibody\u2010negative AE patients were enrolled in this study, with approximately 49 (49%) experiencing unfavorable long\u2010term outcomes (mRS scores \u22653). Antibody\u2010negative AE was subcategorized into ANPRA, autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Psychiatric symptoms were prevalent in LE and ANPRA subtypes, while weakness and gait instability\/dystonia were predominant in the ADEM subtype. Higher peak CASE scores (odds ratio [OR] 1.846, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.163\u20132.930, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) and initiating immunotherapy within 30\u2009days (OR 0.210, 95% CI: 0.046\u20130.948, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042) were correlated with long\u2010term outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis returned that the RAPID scores cutoff of 1.5 best discriminated the group with poor long\u2010term outcomes (sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 56.9%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ANPRA subtype exhibited poorer long\u2010term outcomes compared to LE and ADEM subtypes, and early immunotherapy was crucial for improving long\u2010term outcomes in antibody\u2010negative AE. The use of RAPID scoring could aid in guiding clinical decision making.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T06:09:45Z","timestamp":1713766185000},"page":"1325-1337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Study on clinical features and factors related to long\u2010term outcomes of antibody\u2010negative autoimmune encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Binhong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University  Changsha Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University  Changsha Hunan 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