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Samples were collected pre\u2010vaccination, and then 4, 12, 24, and 48\u2009weeks post\u2010primary series, and 4, 12, 24, and 48\u2009weeks post\u2010booster. Binding anti\u2010Spike antibody responses were assessed with multiplex bead\u2010based immunoassay (MBI) and electrochemiluminescence (Elecsys\u00ae, Roche Diagnostics), and neutralizing antibody responses with live\u2010virus immunofluorescence\u2010based microneutralization assay. Spike\u2010specific cellular responses were assessed with IFN\u03b3\/IL\u20102 ELISpot (Invitrogen) and, in a subset, by sequencing complementarity determining regions (CDR)\u20103 within T\u2010cell receptors (Adaptive Biotechnologies). A linear mixed\u2010effect model was used to compare antibody and cytokine levels across time points. Multivariate analyses identified predictors of immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary vaccination induced an 11\u2010 to 208\u2010fold increase in binding and neutralizing antibody levels and a 3\u2010 to 4\u2010fold increase in IFN\u03b3\/IL\u20102 responses, followed by a modest decline in antibody but not cytokine responses. Booster dose induced a further 3\u2010 to 5\u2010fold increase in binding antibodies and 4\u2010 to 5\u2010fold increase in IFN\u03b3\/IL\u20102, which were maintained for up to 1\u2009year. Infections had a variable impact on immunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Humoral and cellular benefits of COVID\u201019 vaccination in B\u2010cell\u2010depleted MS patients were sustained for up to 2\u2009years when booster doses were administered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T10:05:10Z","timestamp":1715076310000},"page":"1750-1764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Longitudinal study of immunity to\n                    <scp>SARS\u2010CoV2<\/scp>\n                    in ocrelizumab\u2010treated\n                    <scp>MS<\/scp>\n                    patients up to 2\u2009years after\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3549-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Kister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, Department of Neurology New York University Grossman School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Curtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center and Department of Pathology NYU Grossman School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Piquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain MS Center University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Borko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain MS Center University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinglan","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genentech, Inc.  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