{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:19:28Z","timestamp":1793726368566,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD LCG 000207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD LCG 000207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Novel technology\u2010based interventions have the potential to improve motor symptoms and gait in Parkinson's disease (PD). Promising treatments include virtual\u2010reality (VR) training, robotic assistance, and biofeedback. Their effectiveness remains unclear, and thus, we conducted a Bayesian network meta\u2010analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched the Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">Clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> databases until 2 April 2024 and only included randomized controlled trials. Outcomes included changes in UPDRS\u2010III\/MDS\u2010UPDRS\u2010III score, stride length, 10\u2010meter walk test (10MWT), timed up\u2010and\u2010go (TUG) test, balance scale scores and quality\u2010of\u2010life (QoL) scores. Results were reported as mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD), with 95% credible intervals (95% CrI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010one randomized controlled trials with 2095 patients were included. For UPDRS (motor outcome), all interventions had similar efficacies. VR intervention was the most effective in improving TUG compared with control (MD: \u22124.36, 95% CrI: \u22128.57, \u22120.35), outperforming robotic, exercise, and proprioceptive interventions. Proprioceptive intervention significantly improved stride length compared to control intervention (MD: 0.11\u2009m, 95% CrI: 0.03, 0.19), outperforming VR, robotic and exercise interventions. Virtual reality improved balance scale scores significantly compared to exercise intervention (SMD: 0.75, 95% CrI: 0.12, 1.39) and control intervention (SMD: 1.42, 95% CrI: 0.06, 2.77). Virtual reality intervention significantly improved QoL scores compared to control intervention (SMD: \u22120.95, 95% CrI: \u22121.43, \u22120.52), outperforming Internet\u2010based interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>VR\u2010based and proprioceptive interventions were the most promising interventions, consistently ranking as the top treatment choices for most outcomes. Their use in clinical practice could be helpful in managing motor symptoms and QoL in PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T20:41:00Z","timestamp":1725568860000},"page":"2548-2562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Innovative technology\u2010based interventions in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chun En","family":"Yau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1826-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric Chi Kiat","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha Yixuan","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifton Joon Keong","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7644-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron Shengting","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eng\u2010King","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000445751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.776847"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(18)30499\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00156"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531\u20108257(200003)15:2<216::AID\u2010MDS1003>3.0.CO;2\u2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2464354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10513"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp\u20102014\u2010308043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749\u20100690(18)30203\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010760.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102377\u201013\u201050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7595639"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000314963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532\u20105415.2012.04209.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102377\u201013\u201015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010159\u20102\u2010201307160\u201000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977\u20102793"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7040042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20f13681"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2013.10.134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010019\u20100829\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520976265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X18794315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9403295"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973\u20109087.18.05037\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972\u20102327.104334"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Comparing computer\u2010aided therapy with conventional physiotherapy in Parkinson's disease: an equivalence study","volume":"24","author":"Unterreiner M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology Asia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/rnn\u2010170744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/nre\u2010192850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517\u2010021\u201002373\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313517752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2017.1288623"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514544041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311424417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312446753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11138\/fneur\/2016.31.3.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2021.101620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/npt.0000000000000467"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2019.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.916455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2012.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000493127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984\u2010016\u20100185\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7962826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE\u2010192771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2015.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijge.2014.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314562111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/apd.2013.24018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877\u2010022\u201003035\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37506\/ijpot.v15i3.16157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/s1973\u20109087.23.07954\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102318\u201014\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S41453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.228.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases8020012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2014.0053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7492024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s026646231900059x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10020069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470987667.ch5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.602878"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643\u2010022\u201001924\u20105"}],"container-title":["Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acn3.52160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T17:05:22Z","timestamp":1730135122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acn3.52160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acn3.52160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.52160","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-9503","2328-9503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-9503","type":"print"},{"value":"2328-9503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}