{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:05:29Z","timestamp":1792058729281,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009589","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Lair","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>An alteration in the composition of the intestinal microbiota has been observed in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) with respect to healthy controls (HC). Microorganism\u2010derived metabolites such as short\u2010chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been suggested to play a role in the disease. Thus, to analyze the association of SCFA with clinical and radiological parameters of the disease and with those related to the inflammatory response of the immune system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multicentric observational retrospective cross\u2010sectional study. In addition 161 pwMS and 130 HC were included. The following plasma SCFA were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: acetate (AA), propionate (PA) and butyrate (BA). Blood cell subpopulations and cytokine expression were analyzed by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma PA and PA\/AA ratio was lower in pwMS than in HC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.00005, respectively). PA\/AA and BA\/AA ratios were lower in pwMS with higher disability (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001, respectively). T2 lesion load inversely correlated with PA\/AA (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.353; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) and BA\/AA (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.322; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005) ratios. Plasma PA\/AA and\/or BA\/AA ratios negatively correlated with the following pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines producing cells: GM\u2010CSF+CD4+T, GM\u2010CSF+CD8+T, TNF\u2010alpha+CD4+T, TNF\u2010alpha+CD8+T, IFN\u2010gamma+CD4+T, IFN\u2010gamma+CD8+T, and TNF\u2010alpha+B cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>In MS, plasma PA\/AA and BA\/AA ratios are unbalanced, promoting an environment that could be boosting the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the disease. Since we have found statistical significant associations with the EDSS and the number of T2 lesions, but not with the number of relapses or gadolinium enhancing lesions, PA\/AA and BA\/AA ratios could be more associated with those mechanisms of the disease related to the neurodegenerative processes than those related with the activity of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T05:43:55Z","timestamp":1741758235000},"page":"478-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Short\u2010chain fatty acids in multiple sclerosis: Associated with disability, number of T2 lesions, and inflammatory profile"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria Inmaculada","family":"Dominguez\u2010Mozo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Factores ambientales en enfermedades degenerativas, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), Red Espa\u00f1ola de Esclerosis M\u00faltiple  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Mec\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Medicina del Laboratorio (IML)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9067-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Mar\u00eda","family":"Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), Red Espa\u00f1ola de Esclerosis M\u00faltiple  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucienne","family":"Costa\u2010Frossard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), Red Espa\u00f1ola de Esclerosis M\u00faltiple  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Villarrubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), Red Espa\u00f1ola de Esclerosis M\u00faltiple  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Aladro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario de Getafe  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Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Casanova\u2010Pe\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Espa\u00f1a, School of Medicine, University Hospital Torrej\u00f3n Francisco de Vitoria University  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de enfermedades desmielinizantes, Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI)  Vigo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Gin\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n\/Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI)  Madrid 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